The income gap between the rich and the poor in China Research Paper

The income gap between the well-to-do and the light in China - Research composition ExampleOver the last decade, China has exceeded the Gini coefficient index threshold by 0.4 close to the warning take given by the United Nations (Cai, 128). This article analyzes the extent of the income disparity in China between the rich and the poor, it cause and effect and the plausible solutions to this problem.Research has shown that income disparity in China between the rich and the poor have continued to increase since 1978 when China opened it boundaries for trade with the rest of the world. According to the China subject area bureau of statistics, the standard income earning of the 10% richest people in china was 10.9 multiplication higher compared to that of the 10% poorest in the year 2009. In 1985, the figure was just 2. 9 times ((Anon, 148). It can be seen that the gap between the poor has thus increased incredibly.Since 1978 when China opened it door to international trade, per ca pital income has increased unbelievably. For instance, inside the period of 1985 to 2010, the per capital income has increased by 55 times. This has however come from the urban area with the coarse area experiencing lesser growth. The earning gap between the rural and metropolis dwellers had reduced from 2.6 to 2.5 times in the 1970 and from 2.3 to 1.9 times in the 80s. However, it widened to 3.3 times in 2009. This is disregarding the fact that there are some social amenities such as good roads, health care house subsidies and otherwise amenities enjoyed by the city dweller which are not available to the rural people further increasing the disparity (Cai, 130). This thus implies that the disparity many even be more than six times larger.The major obstacle in overcoming the income disparity issue is because the affluent have a greater opportunity of increasing their wealth compared to other people. For instance, from 1985 to 2010, the rich recorded a 38 fold increase in their earn ings the people in the middle class register a 21fold increase while the poor only

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Research Methods - Essay ExampleThe supreme variables negatively correlated with the dependent variable number of MP3s, and age.The good example is a poor model in explaining CD sales because the adjusted R2 is only(prenominal) 0.27. Nevertheless, the F-statistics is significant with a p- apprise of 0.001. This means that we can reject the vigor hypothesis that all coefficients of the independent variables of the model are simultaneously equal to vigor. Thus, unless a better model is found, the model may be used on a provisional basis.For inferences to be appropriate, several assumptions are assumed to apply in multiple regressions (Gujarati 2004, p. 203), there are several assumptions involved in using linear regression. The most important of these are as follows zero mean of residuals, no serial errors among residuals, homocedasticity, zero covariance between independent variable and residuals, absence of specification bias or the model is correctly specified, and no exact c ollinearity between the independent variables (Gujarati 2004, p. 203 and 204). besides for gender and age, all variables are able to provide a significant explanation on the value of the dependent variable. The variable task control, however, is able to explain at a significant level the dependent variable in Netherlands but not in the US. Except for tenure, the background variables are unable to provide a significant marginal contribution in explaining the value of the dependent variable.The variables task control environment control, and tenure consistently manifest a negative family relationship and all are significantly related at p-value=0.10 with the dependent variable perceived work stress.That great job control can significantly affect the perceived work stress is adequately support in both regressions. However, I am uncomfortable that the both regression model can only explain not more than 25% of the variation

Human Resource Development and Management D5-8 Essay

Human Resource schooling and Management D5-8 - Essay ExampleThere be a number of training models which an organization sens make use of. One of these is The Systems Approach to Training (SAT) which includes different stages including need analysis, course design, delivery and evaluation or quality assurance. The environment during the implementation of this training should be supportive on part of the gentlemans gentleman resource department. The human resource departments should manage and assist the employees during all the stages of this model. Most of the employees make up ones mind it difficult to prepare to changes in the workplace and therefore, in order to overhaul them get accustomed to these changes, the management needs to leave behind full support to them during this process (Jay Forte, 2011). As far as the transfer environment is concerned, effective and in effect(p) transfer of knowledge and skills should be done just before the employee has to practically imp lement them. This will help the employee retain and effectively use these skills taught during the training sessions (Suzanna Simpson, n.d). a) Human Resource Planning and Training Model for Organizations Experiencing Change. (n.d.). Evan Carmichael. Retrieved February 4, 2013, from http//www.evancarmichael.com/Human-Resources/6158/Human-Resource-Planning-and-Training-Model-for-Organizations-Experiencing-Change.html b) fix a workplace learning and training environment Mindflash. (n.d.). Create Online Training Online Training Software Mindflash. Retrieved February 4, 2013, from http//www.mindflash.com/blog/2011/06/why-every-great-workplace-needs-a-classroom-environment/ 2. Performance appraisal is a management tool. As such, managers may use the power of the tool in various ways. For example, a manager may use overly positive performance ratings as a reward for someone who spearheaded a project for the manager. Likewise, a manager may use overly cutting ratings as punishment for someone who objected to a project the manager promoted. As a leader in an organization, what steps would you take to contain that the performance appraisal system is fair to all employees? Substantiate your opinions by using outside sources. Performance appraisal is a system through which management valuates the performance of the employees to find areas of further growth and improvement (Performance Appraisals, n.d). This system has a number of advantages and fulfills a number of objectives for the organization including change magnitude motivation and job satisfaction of the workers. It is a program through which managers expectations are communicated to the employees and their ratings are then measured. However, managers are sometimes biased towards some employees due to the recent job performances. Therefore, it should be do sure that the performance appraisals are carried out in an equitable and fair way. In order to ensure a fair and equitable system, an organization shou ld use a multi source assessment method to balk any biases on part of the raters evaluating the employees. The raters should be given proper training so that they do not take out own(prenominal) grudges or favor some employees. For equitable assessment, managers should relate performance appraisals to employee goals and evaluate the performance of employees based on specific criteria. This will help the managers prevent judgments based on personal biases (Can appraisal process be fair, n.d). a) Can performance

Senior Management of Bobcat County Hospital Essay

Senior Management of bay lynx County hospital - Essay Examplergical and checkup checkup exam gains, and supporting laboratories, workforce and equipment that suffer up the surgical and medical mission of the hospital or non-homogeneous systems in the hospital. Health and safety of hospital employees should be considered by the authority along with their services. Furthermore, better works conditions should be provided so that employees can work efficiently and qualitatively. Assignment 1 Introduction Bobcat IDS is a not-for-profit business establishment that is comprised of 120 bed acute care hospital, 15 bed rehab service, a 25 bed expert treat facility, an agency of home healthcare and an outpatient clinic. Bobcat county hospital plays a tribal psyche role in the Patient hospital centre. The study talks about the medicare, rehab etc of the Bobcat county hospital and the dissimilar steps to improve the financial performance of the hospital. Rehabilitation hospitals are spe cialty hospitals that offer intensive inmate rehabilitation therapy (Medicare Interactive, n.d.). e transmission between an Bobcat county hospital was founded to meet a perceived indispensableness for services, which were little expensive on a per diem basis than common hospitals but which offered a higher take aim of alter therapies for example occupational therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy than can be acquired in a apt nursing care facility (Medicare Interactive, n.d.). Products Bobcat county hospital products are mainly in the form of service that include surgical and medical services as well as the supporting laboratories, workforce and equipment that make up the surgical and medical mission of a hospital or sundry(a) systems in the hospital. Hospital products make up the marrow squash of various offerings of the hospitals. They are frequently shaped by the requirements... Bobcat IDS is a not-for-profit business establishment that is comprised of 120 bed acute care hospital, 15 bed rehab service, a 25 bed expert nursing facility, an agency of home healthcare and an outpatient clinic. Bobcat county hospital plays a chief role in the Patient hospital centre. The study talks about the medicare, rehab etc of the Bobcat county hospital and the various steps to improve the financial performance of the hospital. Rehabilitation hospitals are specialty hospitals that offer intensive inpatient rehabilitation therapy. Transmission between an Bobcat county hospital was founded to meet a perceived requirement for services, which were less expensive on a per diem basis than common hospitals but which offered a higher level of specialized therapies for example occupational therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy than can be acquired in a skilled nursing care facility.Bobcat county hospital products are mainly in the form of service that include surgical and medical services as well as the supporting laboratories, workforce and equipment that mak e up the surgical and medical mission of a hospital or various systems in the hospital. Hospital products make up the core of various offerings of the hospitals. They are frequently shaped by the requirements or wishes of its main users to build the hospital a one-stop or core establishment of its local society or medical network. The target market of the Bobcat county hospital is the middle income level people of the society. The main competitors of the products offered by the Bobcat county hospital is the Bobcat community hospital. Like any new(prenominal) hospital, Bobcat county hospital is also a type of institution consisting of base workforce and services normally various department of surgery and medicine that manage clinical and other categories of services for the particular conditions and diseases. Hospitals provide pharmacy services that supply patients with medications as prescribed. In addition to providing inpatients with medicine, many hospital pharmacies can fill prescriptions for patients as they leave.

People Republic of China Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

large number nation of China Constitution - Essay ExampleBut the Chinese community had yet to converge their historical task of overthrowing imperialism and feudalism. After waging hard, protracted and tortuous struggles, armed and otherwise, the Chinese people of all nationalities direct by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader ultimately, in 1949, overthrew the persist of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism, won the great victory of the new-democratic revolution and founded the Peoples Republic of China. Thereupon the Chinese people took postulate government agency into their own hands and became masters of the country.After the founding of the Peoples Republic, the transition of Chinese society from a new- democratic to a socialist society was effected step by step. The socialist transformation of the semiprivate ownership of the means of production was completed, the dust of exploitation of man by man eliminated and the socialis t system established. The peoples democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, which is in essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army strike forestall aggression, sabotage and armed provocations by imperialists and safeguarded Chinas national independence and security and strengthened its national defense. ... nternational economic relations in the service of Chinese development. (Potter, 2001) An independent and fairly comprehensive socialist system of industry has in the main been established. There has been a marked increase in agricultural production. Significant progress has been make in educational, scientific, cultural and other undertakings, and socialist ideological education has yielded noteworthy results. The living standards of the people have improved considerably. Both the victory of Chinas new-democratic revolution and the successes of its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, and by upholding truth, correcting errors and overcoming legion(predicate) difficulties and hardships.The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist state under the peoples democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. The socialist system is the basic system of the Peoples Republic of China. Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited. All power in the Peoples Republic of China belongs to the people. The organs through which the people exercise state power ar the National Peoples relation and the local peoples congresses at different levels. The people administer state affairs and have it away economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law. The state organs of the Peoples Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism. The National Peoples Congress and the local peoples congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election. They are responsible to

Macro Environment assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro Environment - Assignment Exampleo detect impact it exit radicalally involve the use of transistors or other semiconductor components that involves the use of Silicon as the basic material for building the device. The technology also involves the use of mobile and other communication technology such as GPS. The mobile technology will be used to automatically dial 911 in wooing of accidents and GPS would be used to give the location of the accident site to the 911 operator so that help mess arrive swiftly. The GPS technology is very much an essential component in this case as no human being might be present or the driver himself might not be in a position to physically communicate the occurrence of the accident or the place to the operator. on the whole of the required resources are easily available in the US and non availability of resources wont be a problem with regards to the manufacture of the device.The US is a solid ground which has been a mixed breed of diametric al cultures races and ethnicity. The country is a hot bed for migration and most of its world is made up of migratory raft from different countries across the globe. This has led to a diverse and multifaceted cultural diversity in the country. The country has a population that is comprised of people of different age group but most of its population is of the old generation. The vendee for the new technology has been identified as Ford motor company. However the ultimate buyer of the new technology is in all likelihood to belong from every culture or races that are present in the country. Since safety is an issue that is seen as a major area of concern irrespective of the culture or religion or race or creed or sex to which one belongs. However, with aging population the concern for road safety and the likely adoption of this potential life saving technology is likely to increase.The America represents a country which is led by innovations. The American economy has been fuelled by innovations. There are large of new start-ups that are formed in

International Organizations Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Organizations - Thesis ExampleTo support the thesis, the following stage will be implemented Realism. Under this theory, A, B, C and so on does exist. They have properties of F-ness, G-ness, and H-ness. Such factors ar different from the persons individual beliefs, cultures, wants, needs, caprices, etc. match to Woods, Global politics must gravel to the rescue of Africa. The coun pronounces poverty situation has brought the political leaders and international organizations to help let off the Africas famine situation. Neo-institutionalism. It focuses on describing the social theory of developing a sociological view of institutions. They dash they react and affect society. This explains why so many businesses have similar organizational structures. Institutions operate at bottom an environment composed of other institutions (institutional environment). In laymans terms. Peer pressure affects the decisions of other organizations. Thus, organizations try to survive by establishing legitimacy in the world. Such organizations influence how a person behaves through rules, norms, and standards. According to Woods, The world bank is struggling to fund IDA (788) where the U.S. cut funding on IDA. Likewise, the HIPC situation indicated the United States sexual relation is funding its debt relief in 2000. Constructivism (ideas), theory that states knowledge is based on mental activity. Learners have to be active organisms seeking meaning. The learners are individuals or groups seeking for meaning. Here, individuals create their own reality.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Essay ExampleOf course, it is al delegacys possible that what is known fuel greatly influence the way something is perceived to such an extent that it becomes a misperception. Visual and auditory misperceptions have been sack upvas widely in the literature, as they illustrate not only how something can be misperceived due to top-down factors but can shed some light on how perception relies on these factors also. A renewing of empirical evidence will be employ to evaluate the role that these top-down factors have in perception, focusing mainly on visual and auditory misperceptions. One of the most widely studied examples of the way that top-down factors have a role in misperceptions argon illusions. Optical illusions argon often used as fun examples of how the mind can trick us, but they also have a wide role in cognitive psychology. Illusions are good because they show how the mind follows certain rules and places certain constraints on perception, and ho w top-down factors cause the brain to have a bias towards perceiving certain things (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). In everyday life, these are usually correct and can process us to identify objects that have never been perceived beforehand accurately and simply. Without these rules, there would be no perception in the sense we understand today. However, when these rules are employ in a different sense to that which they would usually be employed misperception or illusion results. Misperceptions can be found within all sensory systems, although visual and auditory are the most researched and understood. Sometimes, a healthy individual can briefly mistake one object that is known for another. The research by Summerfield, Egner, Mangels & Hirsch (2006) investigates the reaction of the brain during these occasions using functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand the neuroscience arse this. The interesting part of this research is that Summerfield et al (2006) manipulated images o f houses and faces to such an extent that they could be realistically misidentify for the other. This may seem ridiculous, as houses and faces are two very different structures that could not easily be mistaken for each other in reality. This is an example of a top-down factor we think that it would be unworkable to mistake a house for a face (or vice versa) because of the rules and regulations put in place in the way that objects are perceived. However, this research showed that at a certain level of degradation, this misperception can easily occur. This misperception occurs take down in psychologically normal patients. Top-down factors associate some areas of the image with a house or a face and the medio-frontal and right parietal regions of the brain make assumptions based upon what is already known and help the individual perceive. Faces themselves are also victim to visual misperception. Research by Leopold, Rhodes, Muller and Jeffery (2005) has shown that top-down factors can lead to perceived identity and expression. In this case, what is known about individuals that are familiar is applied to individuals that are not, and thus misperceptions occur. The brain here is suggesting that someone with similar visual appearance to an individual must be that individual. Again, this is an example

Comm page 383 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comm page 383 - canvas Exampleno longer making profits thus, they cannot sustain a massive workforce, and unfortunately, there seem to be no chance of the situation improving anytime soon, as the president of the company Bob Hastings, I aint running a charity, and frankly I cant say chances argon good these folks are going to get their contemplates back.Looking for a good job is other work in itself. Besides many people lining up for an interview for that same job, the net profit is peanuts. For example, the supermarket packing job that Schwartz went for an interview pays $8.5 while at his previous job he was paid $12.50. Moreover, scorn having the required qualifications, the job seekers feel like they are begging to be employed rather than merit to be employed. A Schwartz puts it, I always feel like I am begging..Asking for favors . Nevertheless, he expresses hope that the economy might change soon, and the likes of him will be able to secure a job and take care of their

The debate on assisted suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The debate on assist self-destruction - look into Paper ExampleThe debate on assist suicide Even as medicine seeks to and these extremely sick mint, debate continues to rage on whether these deteriorated and tortured lives in excruciating pain should be exterminateed or not. While some people unconnected assist suicide outright, others feel that legislations to yield physicians to end the lives of patients suffering from terminal illnesses are in order. However, such patients or their guardians or parents consent essential be obtained prior to terminating their lives. This paper explores the two inclines of the raging debates on assisted suicide.There are some(prenominal) reasons for which cross sections of the population support the ending of terminally ill patients lives. First, assisted suicide should be legalized since people should be accorded the right to choose whatever they want to do with their lives provided they do not interfere with or endanger others lives. T hat is, peoples right to choose freely should also cover the right to choose when to end possess life. People whose diseases or handicap cannot allow them to end their lives should have the right to be assisted to end their lives and such a right should be granted and look uponed. Second, assisted suicide should be legalized since, as homophile beings, we have the responsibleness and responsibility to relieve or end the suffering of other human beings and respect their wishes and dignity. It should be noted that certain diseases and conditions may make people lose their earlier dignity and they would earlier choose to die than live in such dignity. In fact, certain current conditions are so excruciating that some people are no longer able to function with dignity as they used to do (Terman et al., 2007). It is thus not only cruel but also inhumane to get across such be the merciful end to their misery, pain, and indignity by terming their please illegal. Human compassion also dictates that we should watch with such pleas and cooperate with the patients wishes. Opposing Assisted Suicide On the other side of the debate are those opposed to the idea of assisted suicide. Their first reason for opposing the legalization of assisted suicide is that people have the moral duty to preserve and protect the lives of others. Assisted suicide is hence a fundamental breach of our duty to respect human life. In other words, shown that the rules of order should be committed to protecting all forms of life, it would be an unfathomable sin to end a curse word human beings life by commissioning its destruction. It is also mans duty to oppose any laws that would support assisted suicide, more so for patients who are innocent people (Humphrey, 2002). Third, those opposed to assisted suicide assert that there is no exact definition of the lives that should be ended. This situation would give room for the arbitrary ending of lives deemed worthless or undesirable. In fact, cases of inconvenienced relatives and friends persuading and coercing their ailing relatives to ask for assisted suicide would be a routine thing if assisted suicide were legalized. Worse still, patients may sign assisted suicide requests but change their heads later when their conditions may not allow them to make their change of mind known (Hayden, 1999). In such a case, someone may end up being assisted to die against

Financial System of France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial System of France - Essay ExampleFrench banking system is composed of approximately 450 banking profession entities, which operate close to 40,000 branches. With this magnitude banking institutions, approximately 60 million people ar considered as the banked segment. matchless of the defining characteristics of French banking system is the proximity of monetary and non-financial institutions to the customers, which provide adequate banking serve and products. Nonetheless, every(prenominal)(a) organizations providing banking services operate under authorized establishments. Authorization of establishments defines the scope of banking activities. The establishments authorized include general-purpose credit institutions, investing service providers, and specialized credit institutions. All the commercial banks and other financial institutions within France are adjust and control conduct by Banque de France, the French Central Bank. Linked to the European Central Bank, B anque de France has been effective in administering monetary policies and ensuring ossification amongst financial organizations. Some of the core functions of Banque de France are formulation and implementation of monetary and credit policies, issuance of currency, ensuring financial stability, monitoring Frenchs financial markets, and controlling all the foreign reserves. Banque de France is usually administered by a General Council having the responsibility of developing and carrying out all activities that relate to monetary policies.French financial (stock) market has primary and secondary markets. Primary markets provide vistas for introduction of new securities while secondary markets are baffling in the actual calling. Paris Stock Exchange market had four markets prior to 2005 first, second, new, and free markets. The trading on stock had to be done across these four markets. Paris, Bruzelles, and Amsterdam Stock Exchange markets incorporate into Euronext Stock Exchange Market, which led to free market being subsisted and replacement of other markets by the Eurolist market. out-of-pocket to increasing volume of transactions, Euronext Stock Market expanded to cover Portugal and United Kingdom in 2003 though still under the control of Euronext Paris. Currently, Euronext, having a volume of approximately US$1.9 trillion (Yahoo Finance) by trading, has all the French and foreign companies that subscribe their shares to the public. Importantly, Euronext through merger with New York Stock Exchange in 2006 led to the establishment of the current NYSE Euronext. Within Euronext, the main stock indices relate to either market or activity with the main one being the CAC 40 belonging to SBF 120. Amazingly, CAC 40 makes up 75% of all the stock exchange transactions. On the other hand, blue chips of CAC 40 such as Air France KLM, Arcelormittal, and AXA amongst others are indicated in the appendices. French financial market is composed

Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enlightenment - Essay ExampleHis opening sentence highlights amvictimization French laws, regarding diet and medicine, denying individuals the right to look after their body as they deemed fit. Once into the realms of science, philosophy and experimentation, his comments on Galileo, by how he phrases them, show his great admiration for the man and his work. His brilliant use of irony indicting the governing in question, suggests it was legislating against the mind. New ideas and discoveries should be encouraged rather than punished. Jefferson ridicules that government in Galileos case for its reception against reason and innovative thinking. His tongue-in-cheek phraseThe quotation reflects their philosophies. Bacon took Galileos work and formalized it, suggesting that challenging orthodoxy, observing nature, using reason, would lead to true knowledge - experimentation would verify it. Jefferson incorporates Bacons philosophies and methods, nowHe rejects some of the Rationalism of Descartes that excluding lengthiness to the external world, suggesting knowledge is gained by reason alone. Jefferson, a man of science and practical action, accepted the ideas of detailed questioning, but was less impressed with the concept of thought without investigation or experimentation. The inference here may be that this particular founding-father of the Enlightenment did not wholly fit with Jeffersons views.The quotation provides evidence of his admiration and loading to the work and philosophy of Isaac due north, containing reference to his theory of gravity, and how its power and truth was accepted through reason, not legislation. Newton is a seeker after the truth whose findings could not be overturned. Newton took Galileos work and and astrological studies of his time, defined natural laws, and presented incontrovertible truths. Scientific research, experimentation, sharing the knowledge, were all aspects of the man whose thinking Jefferson admired. His remarks re garding Newton prove he is reflecting Enlightenment thinking and values. There is a connection between Jeffersons own religious beliefs and the upsurge of inherent Theology which outleted from Newtons work. The idea that Nature is proof of the Divine, a Master Designer, appealed to Jefferson, who espoused the aspect of Scientific Deism, which contends that Nature was the result of Divine Creation, then goes on to operate under universal laws. Jefferson sees in Newton what Enlightenment style in practice.

Gone With The Wind paper 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

asleep(p) With The kink paper 5 - Essay ExampleThus, right of first publication law though protects receivedity and creativity of the authors, gives way for rewrites by providing exemptions under which they are non entitled to infringement.However, this has also created a room for right of first publication conflicts and some other related issues. Numerous copyright issues have dominated the debate scene prompting the question as to what should be considered fair use and what should not. One notable copyright battle was between Gone With The Wind (GWTW) and The Wind DoneGone (TWDG). In this case, the author, Randall rewrote the GWTW by retelling the story through a slaves perspective. This encompasses writing sticker to society and power, which has a rich contribution to the society. Nevertheless, the conflict here was whether TWDG violated copyright laws by write GWTW. Through evaluation of free barbarism, fair use, parody and satire, it is clear that TWDG did not cause infr ingement of copyright laws. The infringement law allows rewrites based satire and parody. As a result, thither was no infringement in the case of GWTW and TWDG since the rewrite was based on satire. Nevertheless, when solving the conflict, other concepts such as free speech and its drill also came up. Thus, it is essential to understand how fair use, parody and satire, and free speech apply in rewrite cases. ... This marked the beginning of a long-term battle on TWDGs infringement of copyright laws with regard to the rewrite of GWTW. Nevertheless, what arose from this case is that fair use sets the legal framework that accommodates both commercial and fanciful ends. In analyzing a literary work or any other thing for fair use, there are four factors that play a key role in the determination of fair use. check to Netanel in Making Sense of Fair Use, these are provisions of Section 107 of the United States Copyright feat (Making Sense of fair Use 715). The first factor deals with character and purpose of the uses, for example, it considers whether the use is for nonprofit educational or for commercial nature purposes. The second factor provides for the nature of the work copyrighted. The third factor looks at the work copyrighted as a whole and determines the substantiality and amount of the portion used with lever to the entire work. Finally, the fourth factor provided for by the US Copyright Act under Section 107 looks at the impact of the rewrite on the potential market, and how the copyrighted work is valued. Beebe notes that the four factors are a examine that must be applied in every case to determine fair use, and there is no bright line rule that can determine the issue of fair use (558). The major determination of fair use is to provide a flexible approach of determining and making a decision as to whether fair use applies in a particular case. The major concern is whether the use of the original work that is copyright protected is fair or not. In addition, the fair use doctrine does not base its arguments on equity, but is rather a creature of the common law courts. Furthermore, in the application of fair use, the secondary users motives are generally

Channeling Students into a Gifted Program Coursework

Channeling Students into a Gifted Program - Coursework useThis disciple requires an intensify program or enriched learning extract. These options offer the gifted student adequate plan content especially where the general curriculum is limited (McLeskey, Rosenberg & Westling, 2007). Secondly, if the student can manage and adapt to the demands of the fast instruction and complexity of the content of higher-level classes, they can placed in the accelerated program. Thirdly, an assessment should be carried give away to determine if the student is at risk to their social and emotional adjustment, if they are placed in an accelerated program (McLeskey, Rosenberg & Westling, 2007). If such a student can handle the emotional and social separation from their peers, and then they can be placed in the accelerated program, otherwise the teacher can prepare purposeless content for them in their age-level class. Additionally, the acceleration of the student should be supported by teacher s in order to avoid any misconceptions to the student at higher levels. It is also vital that the grade skipping option still offers the student as must instructions as possible in order to prevent them from being separate in future learning activities (McLeskey, Rosenberg & Westling, 2007). Following the successful assessment, the student is then introduced to the education intervention option that matches their specific needs and behavioral characteristics. Possible interventions that can be factored in are content modification, complexity, abstraction, pacing, and corroboration

Evolution of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evolution of current of air - Essay ExampleMany of the Jazz musicians relieved themselves from racial, social and cultural tensions in their hometown and spread Jazz music as ambassadors of their new put freedom. Hence, between the First and Second World Wars (1914 1940) Paris adopted Jazz music as its own. In this way, there was a huge transformation of Jazz music from an African- American genre to becoming an iconic phenomenon of international repute. Jazz music, that began with small marching bands, big bands, or by piano and banjo solos soon disintegrated as the focus centered on smaller ensembles. The Jazz musician I have chosen to hold open about is Louis Armstrong, (1901 1971) who is considered to be one among the lift out of Jazz musicians. Born in New Orleans on 4th August, 1901, Louis overcame his poverty-stricken background and rose to become one of the greatest solo improvisers in the sphere of Jazz music. Louis played the trumpet in a very innovative and interestin g way and his hyphen relied on improvisation during his playing the trumpet. He also pioneered a new style of singing called function which is improvising during singing without real lyrics but in perfect tempo and melody. Armstrong had a sort of gravelly vowel system and besides his virtuosity in his trumpet playing abilities, he was quite famous for his scat singing. In fact, he holds the disk of being the oldest Jazz artist to have cut a No. 1 record at 63 years old, which is called Hello Dolly. What is most spectacular about this record is that it toppled the Beatles by reaching number 1 on the charts in 1964. Hello Dolly (1964) was the chart-buster title song for the laurels winning musical Hello Dolly. This wonderful song also won a Grammy for the best vocal performance by Louis Armstrong which enthralled his audiences all over the world. It was later made into a icon where Armstrong appeared and dueted with Barbara Streisand. Composed by Jerry Herman , Hello Dolly is a v ery vibrant and catchy number rendered with pertain enthusiasm and energy by the famed Louis Armstrong. The song begins with a rhythmic shorten style utilize instruments. After the instrumental introduction, Armstrong begins singing in his own inimitable scat singing style. He has a deep voice that is highly expressive of the lyrics Hello Dolly. The band comprising of saxophone, drums and trumpet played by Armstrong himself lends complete support in between the vocals. The interlude of Hello Dolly is quite a protracted one, with the trumpet as the main instrument and the other instruments filling in to add a different flavor. His flair for innovation is a major plus point for this singer as he uses a lot of improvisation both in his trumpet playing as well as in his singing. Some of the rhythmic beats used are long while others are staccato in presentation. Armstrongs voice is throaty and guttural but even so very captivating. The pace of the spotless song is medium paced whil e the tone is highly energetic with snatches of highs and lows that give it its own uniqueness and beauty. The final exam bar of the instrumental part has Armstrong improvising into a crescendo and this is duly answered by the supporting saxophone. Immediately afterwards the interlude, Armstrong takes over and concludes the piece by singing using both lyrics as well as syncopated sounds that makes it so unique and attractive. Armstrong is considered to be one of the greatest Jazz musicians of all time who has

Church and Government Essay Example for Free

perform building building building building and Government EssayAccording to Article II, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that, the separation of church service and State shall be inviolable and Article III, Section 5 states, No law shall be make respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free do thereof. . The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrepancy or preference, shall be forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.Given the articles of the constitution regarding the relationship of the church and the state, is the Catholic Church violating the teaching of the Separation of Church and State by daring to speak out against certain bills?First, what does the separation of the church and state really means? The separation of the state means that the state does not have an authorised religion. It means that the quite a little are free to choose in what religion depending in their own belief. It similarly means that there should be no laws that shall be pass that favors a religion over the other. It as well means that there should be no discrimination of the religion and belief of the people. In short, what the union of the church and the state really means is that the citizens should be forced to follow a particular doctrine and those that do not follow should be penalized.We can see from banners outside of cathedrals the popular phrase No to RH Bill, Yes to Life. But can we consider this action as a violation of the constitution? The separation of the church and the state does not mention that church officials cannot speak or try to influence the state policy. Since the Philippines is a democratic country, every person, group and organization is free to express their own opinion regarding certain issues. The church does not force people to go against a certain bills the decision still lies in the people accordin g to their conscience and understanding. It means that the church is not violating the constitution since it is only expressing its right to speak in order of its belief.Given the reasons above, that the Philippines has no state religion and given that the state does not subsidize the church, and that no church has any official access to the instruments of state power, I believe that the church does not deprave the constitution and that there is really a separation of the church and the state.

Technology and the changes IT Essay Example for Free

engine room and the changes IT EssayTechnology and the changes it brings can have a very big effect on our lives. Which scientific change has had the largest effect on life in this country? Why? Prepare at least(prenominal) a 350-word establish explaining the technology you have chosen and how it has affected our lives. As you write your paper, remember your essay will be scored based on how well you address the following Develop a multi-paragraph resolution to the assigned topic that clearly communicates your controlling idea to the audience. Support your controlling idea with meaningful examples, reasons, and education based upon your research or readings. Organize your essay in a clear and logical manner, including an introduction, body, and conclusion. drill well-structured sentences and language that are appropriate for your audience. Edit your work to conform to the conventions of standard American EnglishThe digital divide is beginning to close. The flow of digital information through meandering(a) phones, text messaging, and the Internet is straighta trend reaching the worlds masses, even in the poorest countries, bringing with it a revolution in economics, politics, and society. In my opinion, the technological innovation that has had the greatest impact on our lives in this country today would be the mobile telecommunication technology. For the last ten to fifteen years, mobile phones have changed our lives in such a way that no other technological change has before.Earlier, people used to book telephone calls in advance, had to go and use near the telephone booths, or sit beside a physical telephone instrument unploughed in the drawing room of a house, and attend to, or make calls stuck to a place. Now, people only carry a 200 gram device in their pockets and can travel the world, always committed to their loved ones and business partners, no matter in whatever remote part of the world they are. (However, in certain countries, mobil e coverage does

Childhood Christmas to Adulthood Christmas Essay Example for Free

Childhood Christmas to Adulthood Christmas raiseChristmas as a child for me was very fun. I got more presents from Santa as well as many from relatives. Christmas was analogously my favorite holiday of the year, to me it meant that if I was good e n mavengh Santa would bring me presents. Most of the term I was very good and never got into trouble. In my family when you go from childhood to adulthood it becomes a big deal. For offshooters you circulate presents with the adults. You also dont hire to worry some leaving with the other kids while the adults yield presents. Seeing that I do not encounter kids I am sort of at a mid point of whether or not to look forward to this holiday. One of the many reasons I get along Christmas is because my grandmother makes the best nutrient for thought. There is more aliment than any of us crapper eat and we have leftovers for days. My grandma makes most of the food and some state bring a favorite dessert. All of the food is s et out on the dinning room postpone buffet style. We gather around to bless the food and then us kids get our plates first, most kids are picky I sure was at that age. You couldnt hardly get me to eat anything as a kid so my plate was full of mashed potatoes and gravy, stuffing, rolls and probably green beans since I was not much of a turkey eater as a youngster. later we filled our plates with food we are free to eat wherever we please and since we are kids we normally go down into the basement away from the adults. After we eat then the dessert comes out. My favorite dessert would have to be pumpkin pie with cool whip on top. I could probably scarf down a whole pan of that stuff. There are only a few people in my family that like pumpkin pie so all of the leftover pie went to me. any year we have Christmas lunch and presents at my grandparents kinfolk in Atwater California. My grandparents ingleside is huge, they built it sometime in the first place I was born. It is a three story house not including the attic, the first floor has a bathroom, living room, dinning room, and kitchen which has a door leading to the huge basement that could be more living space if needed. Then you have the second floor, that has three bedrooms, an office and 2 bathrooms. I manage having Christmas at this house because it is the almost the perfect size for everyone to fit.My familys very funny, they know to joke around with people. They are also very laid back and always on schedule. Every year we have almost the same people during the holidays. A few years agone we illogical my great grandma and my great grandpa a few months after that. Four years ago my aunt Nikki and her husband Gary left for Georgia because that is where he got stationed. My eldest sister Elysebeth got married and has two children and they crossroads us for family holidays. Some of my moms side of the family comes and thats when things get loud considering we are very obnoxious and you basically ne ed a hearing aid to hear anything. Over the past seven years I have gotten used to the change from childhood to Adulthood Christmas. I thought it was so cool to ultimately open presents with the adults. A few years went by and I started realizing that the tran depend uponion was not exactly what I had been hoping for, and I did not want to be with the adults but by then it was to late so I got over it. Its not as fun as it used to be but I seek to do the best I can for the little ones in the family who still believe in Santa. The downside of the food as an adult is that you have to wait for all the kids to get done filling thither plates before you can fill yours. Yes, that sounds greedy but I love my food Something that can also be a downside is where to sit, at this point all the little kids want to sit up at the table right next to you. The only problem with that is there are not enough seats for everyone to sit right next to you. So you have to be the bad guy and tell someone no.The setback about having Christmas at my grandparents house is that there are a lot of people and it can become crowded and overwhelming. From children running around to presents spread out everywhere. Everyone is either sitting in a chair, on the floor or standing up because there is no where to sit. With everyone catching up and stick the walls sometimes echo and its to cold to have be in the backyard. A fly in the ointment for me about there being a lot of people is that I now start buying presents for everyone, which normally isnt a bad thing because I love buying things for people but I have an enormous family. When you count all of us together during this holiday there is a total of about eighteen, which is a lot of money to spend Over the span of time since I have joined the adults in the opening of presents has made me realize that it isnt necessarily about the gifts. Its being thankful for what you have and the people around you. Theoverall experience for is a great one because it brings family together and shows you what the holidays are really about rather than just opening presents, eating and leaving. I love my family and I wouldnt trade them for the world.

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen Essay Example for Free

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen EssayCulture and visual sport media occupy got an interrelationship with each other such as film and television. As the years go by and more and more television shows and picture shows have been created they have in my opinion become of a reprimand of our cultural times. Society is find outing the films and television and seeing that they can relate to what they are watching which hence they are able to take a focusing a message. People can see visual alternatively of having to read to learn which can give them a different perspective that they may not have thought of on their own. As people view the visual frolic they and see what is being influenced from the way people act, dress, talk, and so forth since it is what is shaping our culture. The Brady Bunch is an example of how families were starting to see that families can combine together and become one family, the outfits and hairstyles were being mimicked by pe ople in everyday life. I consider watching this show thinking how cool is it to have two families merge together. This showed that the social influences of visual recreation media can be positive.People can still watch visual media that is been out dated unless still learn about American culture with such shows. Another example is The Breakfast high society this movie is a classic and still very relevant to how our American culture is shaped. In this movie they look at individuals and show that even though we are from all walks of life such as a jock, nerd, snob, shy, and criminal that we all have similarities in the end if we stop and take a morsel to see. I Love Lucy was a huge influence on visual entertainment people cute to have the grace, the silliness, and could also see that they lived modestly which made it relate to society.Visual media can be disallow as well a positive influence on social behavior. When we view visual entertainment I would say majority want to emul ate the celebrities that they are viewing which can be forbid or positive depending on that moment. People want to fit in society and with visual entertainment that can shape them in to something different.I remember during the eightys all of the shows and movies I watch were all the underdog wins in the end and I felt that this is what I want I want to be the underdog the stand along and befriends with everyone. Guess what I was that person I still am that person as well as I take up for the underdog and befriend everyone as well as regale everyone with respect no matter what. I can thank Sixteen Candles, Full House, The Breakfast Club, The Outsiders, and I Love Lucy were all visual entertainment that made me who I am as well as a lot of others.

Concepts of Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Concepts of Race and Ethnicity Essay set the following terms. You may use definitions from the class readings, or from outside sources. If your definitions argon from outside sources, cite the source(s) victimization APA style with in-text citations and a reference list. Term Definition Ethnicity a shared cultural heritage, which typically involves commonality ancestors, language, and religion Race is a cordially constructed category of people who share biologi- cally transmitted traits that members of a parliamentary law define as important. Xenophobia .The fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners. Segregation the physical and social musical interval of categories of people. Assimilation the process by which minorities gradually adopt cultural patterns from the dominant majority population. Pluralism a arouse in which people of all racial and ethnic categories have or so the same overall social standing White privilege Colonialism Racial profiling in which police or others in part consider race or ethnicity to be, by itself, a sign of probable guilt illustrates the operation of institutional racism. Part II Short AnswerUsing your course materials, answer the following questions in about 200 words each. Use your own words.Define de facto segregation and de jure segregation, and give an example of each. Which are we some likely to see today? Why?What conclusion do Crutchfeld, Fernandez, and Martinez (2010) come to regarding the presence of bias in the criminal justice system? How has bias in the system changed over time? Give examples of how an souls race or ethnicity might impact their experience as a suspect, a perpetrator, and a victim of crime.Describe anti-Chinese immigration sentiment in the 19th century. Compare this to anti-immigration perspectives today. How are they similar? How are they different?Part III Personal Reflection sing as many words as you consider necessary.Consider the racial and ethnic groups that you belong to. Do you feel that you are knowledgable about the register of those groups? Now consider groups you do not belong to. Is there a group you would like to visualize more about? Worksheet 2 knave 1 ETH/125 Version 7 .Worksheet 2 PAGE 1 ETH/125 Version 7 .

SwoT Essay Example for Free

SwoT Essay onward identifying the potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and holy terrors conniving faces in solar empanel market. We must first examine the solar panel application as a whole. The future evolution of industry and the demand for solar panels is contingent on two economic drivers. These two eventors include what types of zip will be used to furnish the harvest-home of develop nations and how and where the sinew is produced.The first economic driver that could potentially increase the growth of the industry lays in the fact that securing traditional energy as a means of fueling growth is ecoming increasingly more than expensive with an ever-growing demand. The growth in demand for traditional energy mickle be attributed to the development of countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as China and India. The second economic driver that will dictate the growth of the industry is the fact that over the next few decades developing nations will shift aw ay from centralized energy production to more local production.On the grounds that developing countries dont have the current infrastructure such as electrical grids and decentralized energy production is much more cost effective than building such infrastructure (Bradford, 2006). In closing, the future growth of the solar industry hinges on developing nations using renew fitting energy to fuel their growth and leap frog the expense of constructing infrastructure to distribute traditional forms of energy with decentralized production. After identifying the two drivers that will dictate the future growth of the solar panel industry, we can examine the projections made about the future growth of the industry.The current market is over five i thousand thousand dollars annually with new markets continuing to develop. Predictions have been made that the solar cell manufacturing ndustry will be a twenty- five billion plus industry by 2010 (CSU, 2007). While the solar panel industry has experience a steady stream of growth for the last six years with growth estimated at a rate of thirty percent annually (Businessweek, 2006). In conclusion, the solar panel industry has experienced a consistent annual rate of growth that will only continue to increase with the growing burn towards renewable energy.Now that we have examined the economic drivers that will fuel the growth of the industry and the current growth the industry has experienced we can began to xamine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats smashing faces. The foundation of smashings strength in the solar panel industry stems from their experience manufacturing solar powered fuel cells. Since 1963 Sharp Corporation has been mass producing solar powered fuel cells. This translates into roughly forty years of production experience.With Sharps solar panel division being the second largest producer within the industry. Another crucial strength that Sharp possesses is its effective utilization of its work capital generated from its barter of consumer lectronics. Sharp uses this working capital to fund research and development and gain a foothold in developing markets as a means of achieving their long-term goal of becoming an industry leader. Sharp is before long allocating billions of dollars to the research and development of new cutting edge technology before industry rivals beat them to the jabbing (Hall, 2008).In addition, to investing in new technology, Sharp is increasing their production capacity with construction of a new factory in to produce solar panels suitable for the climates in Southern europium, Southeast Asia, primordial and South America, and Africa (Williams, 2008) pcmag. Finally, Sharp has Just new-fashionedly announced a partnership with Italian energy telephoner costing 1. 05 billion dollars to build several solar power-generating plants in the next four years. With Sharp amass royalties from Enels gross revenue generated from the new plants.I n summary, one of Sharps biggest strengths is their ability to effectively utilize their working capital and get into the necessary actions to accomplish their long-term goal of being the industry leader. After evaluating the strengths Sharp brings to the ndustry, we can amaze to evaluate their weaknesses within the industry. 1 of the greatest weaknesses of Sharp stems from the fact that they ar headquartered in Japan. Which has the highest production cost in the entire world . The high production costs of manufacturing in Japan poses a well(p) threat by hampering their ability to offer prices competitive with those of the competition.Who manufacture their products in countries with much lower apprehend costs. Another weakness of Sharp is the susceptibility to changes in the value of other countries currency eroding their sales (Funding Universe, unk nowadaysn). In summary, the weaknesses of Sharp Corporation consist of manufacturing in the world more or less expensive countr y and their photo to changing exchange rates negatively impacting their sales. After reviewing the weaknesses of Sharp within the industry we can now examine the opportunities Sharp has within the industry.With the growing trend towards transitioning to renewable energy sources, there are fivefold opportunities within the industry that Sharp can capitalize on as a means achieving growth. One of the greatest opportunities presented to Sharp Corporation within the industry is Europes oal to obtain twenty percent of its energy from renewable sources by the year 2020. Even if only a quarter of the renewable energy quota were generated through solar power, the entire industry would have to multiply their production by twenty-five (Schenker, 2008).Europes commitment to renewable energy presents Sharp with the opportunity of unlimited demand for their solar panels. On the grounds that the industry will most likely not be able to increase production capacity to meet the ambitious goals Eur ope has set for themselves. In summary, Europes commitment to enewable energy poses a substantial opportunity for Sharp to increase their battlefront within the industry. With the growing trend of modernization brought on by globalization developing nations present Sharp with yet another opportunity to achieve growth.Solar energy has proven to be one of the outmatch solutions for providing electricity to the rural communities around the globe. With 1. 6 million people in developing countries not having access code to electricity grids. Sharp has the opportunity to invent and manufacturer solar panel products, which are suitable to the inevitably of those living ithout, access to electricity (EPIA, 2009). So, as Sharp continues to improve production efficiency and cut costs, they are presented with the valuable opportunity of developing solar panel specifically suited to the needs of those in developing nations.The opportunity to provide solar panel products to developing nations would out the goal of taking action that athletic supporter Sharp become a global company while contributing to the construction of a sustainable society (Sharp, 2009). In summary, the developing world and the 1. 6 million people without electricity present Sharp ith the opportunity of new markets while helping to strengthen their dedication to social responsibility. After examining the opportunities that are before long available to Sharp within the industry, we can begin to examine the current threats Sharp faces.Before February 2008 Sharp held the ranking of number one producer within the industry. However, they have recently been replaced by Q-cells. Founded in 1999 in Germany, Q-cells was able to glide by Sharp due to their ability to acquire the necessary amount of poly silicon during the recent shortages (Calflnder, 2008). In ummary, the German company Q-cells poses a serious threat to Sharp, with their ability to rise to the number one position ten years after going into business.Sharp also faces a serious threat from manufacturers abroad, whose governments provide larger subsidies than the Japanese government. Sharp faces a serious threat from competitors in China, where the government subsidies aimed creating a stronger market for domestic manufacturer is three times as large as the current subsidies offered by the Japanese government. In summary, Sharp faces an international threat from manufacturers within China whose government subsidies far surpass hose offered in Japan.In conclusion, what once began as small metal works shop has alter into an international corporation. With the foundation of their success being attributed to the corporate culture created by its founder Tokuji Hayakawa. His emphasis on the importance of investing in the development of new technologies is the reason Sharp is where they are today. With Sharps abundance of working capital, and the opportunities that exist within Europe and developing nations Sharp will almost c ertainly be able to reclaim their spot as the number one industry leader.

The Chief Operations Officer’s Essay Example for Free

The Chief trading operations Officers EssayThe Chief Operations Officers role foc maps on the execution of day-to-day operations and oversight of all the sections to embarrass morale, welf are, and employee contribute in the company. In order for the company to successfully prepare for an Initial Public religious clear upering we will need to revise the employee handbook, resolve some specific internal employee matters and implement a whistle-blower policy. Employment-at-will refers to common law which holds employees that work for an unspecified time period work at the will of their employers and avocation can be dismissed any time (Zachary, 2012, p. 25), for devout cause, bad cause or no cause, by both the employer or the employee. Some exceptions of dismissal for employment-at-will include discrimination against race, national origin, color, religion, sex, age, and disability, other exceptions are wrongful discharge in violation of public policy or breach of contract , the promise of good faith and fair dealing in a contract of employment or suggesting contractual requirements base off of the companys handbook or policy statement (Halbert Ingulli, 2012, p.50), and tort whether the policy is appoint in legislation, constitutions, legal hearings, administrative practices, or other sources (Zachary, 2012, p. 25). The tort law offers the employee the chance to convince a jury to award damages (money awards) for wrongful discharge (Halbert Ingulli, 2012, p. 51). Some state and federal statutes may also prohibit the discharge of employees for their participation in jury duty, filing workers compensation claims, involvement in the union, conducting armed services duty or certain occurrences in whistle-blowing (Zachary, 2012, p.21). Our company operates off of voluntary employment therefore, general counselor-at-law reviewed the employment-at-will doctrine and exceptions mentioned above and legal terminus is an option for all eight employees based off of either personnel misconduct or violation against our companys rules and regulations cited in the employee handbook. Table 1, titled, Employee Conduct and wise for Termination or Continued Employment, illustrates the eight personnel actions under(a) investigation and the decision for termination or continued employment.The decisions to terminate or retain the employees stem from a reflective approach that melds handed-down theories and modern theories of ethics. Two particular theories that support the decision are the consequences-based approach which provides the greatest good to the legal age of the people, in this case, the company as a whole and the Proactive theory decision based off of recommendations or actions are just from the very start (Harcourt, Hannay, Lam, 2013, p. 312).One of the decision rules from the Proactive theory apply is the parity rule which ties all similar actions performed in a similar environment receive the aforementioned(prenominal) or si milar consequence (Harcourt, et al, 2013, p. 313). If the company is to become successful with the launch of the public offering past employees must be accountable for their actions of misconduct or violations against the company employee handbook. In addition to personnel actions mentioned above, I recommend we adopt a whistleblower policy based off the internal allegations against the accounting department for falsified expense reports and before we take the company public.Implementing a whistleblower policy will provide the employees a voice of the company, reduce monitoring expenses, stimulate additional decision-making (Moberly, 2012, p. 11) among employees, supervisors, and senior management, will protect against illegal conduct and provide greater oversight of company resources and assets (Shackelford, 2009, p. 3). Furthermore, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange issued regulations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that listed companies must pro vide their marks of Ethics to the public (Moberly, 2012, p.19). Our commitment to the workforce is to implement a whistleblower policy that focuses on the three fundamental items of clear guidelines, policies, and procedures (Gould, 2009, p. 3) for reporting organizational misconduct. Our whistleblower policy and Code of Ethics should be included in the revised employee handbook, posted on the company website and a hardcopy distributed and sign-language(a) by each employee. The policy guidelines should contain our objective and scope of the policy so we can get over whatwe want to accomplish (Shackelford, 2009, p. 3). Our policies will indicate that all employees, hourly to senior level management requital employees, are required to report organizational misconduct and to assist in any investigation by law enforcement or regulatory agency. Step-by-step reporting procedures will also be included in the policy. Employees will have the right to submit the report directly to their f irst line supervisor unless that individualist is involved in the matter then report the situation to the next supervisor in the chain.If employees savour uncomfortable using their direct reporting chain then they can submit the report finished the company action hotline, anonymously or directly to the audit committee. The individuals confidentiality will stay put as confidential as practicable (Shackelford, 2009, p. 3). Our company encourages the employees to report the wrongdoing internally through the use of our open-door policy or through the various avenues aforementioned rather than blowing the whistle externally.Our company will non tolerate retaliation against employees reporting wrongdoing or whistleblowing. In conclusion, as the Chief Operations Officer, I reviewed the employment-at-will doctrine, conducted and resolved eight thorough employee investigations that required my immediate attention, and provided background information that supports my recommendation on im plementing a whistleblower policy prior to our public offering.

Peabody Trust Essay Example for Free

Peabody cartel EssayIn 1862 George Peabody, an American from Philadelphia who moved to London in 1837, founded the most famous society providing homes for the skilled artisan classes. With ? 150,000 0f sign capital at his disposal, Peabody had several buildings constructed in the inner city Spitalfields district of London by previous(predicate) 1864, in later years Peabody built hearths in Bermondsey, Chelsea, Islington, and Shadwell. His goal was to house the working poor in healthy dwellings as long as they were of good char goer, conducted themselves responsibly, and gainful their rent on time (Journal of the purple Statistical Society 93). The Peabody pull is a non-profit organization that builds and manages high quality social lodgment for hatful on low incomes. Their fund had its longest impact on the London housing market during the scratch line fifteen years after its founders death in 1869 unfortunately, no major projects were undertaken among 1885 and 1900, the worst years of the housing crisis, as the Peabody cuss had at that time to pay down the gigantic loans taken out during the first twenty years of its existence (Tarn 10).Peabody authoritys approach is actually advanced(a). Taking a long-term view of re-formation, the organization works closely with its customer (the tenants of its homes) and suppliers to alleviate roofless and provide opportunities for quality accommodation and employment. Core to the organizations work is the design, construction and ongoing criminal maintenance of urban development. An outstanding commitment to empowering staff, suppliers and customers has created a culture of creativity in which growth is almost inevitable.In the last decade, the number of properties owned by Peabody has nearly doubled. A similarly innovative approach to face lifting funds ensures that finances pose no barrier to this substantial growth. In fact, the depone is one conduct raisers of private finance in the housing as sociation field, raising ? 80 million through line of descent Expansion Schemes and ? 200 million through debenture stock issue. Peabody authority has one major reinforcement over most organizations most of its employees have bought into the Trusts ethos and work before they walk in through the door.The management, however, is far from complacent. In addition to the culture of openness that permeates, employees are genuinely empowered. Peabodys innovative approach to fundraising means that they find it fairly straight forward finances have not delineate a barrier to development as an active developer at all. Key to the success of the scheme was the fictive approach of the financial director, who shares Peabodys commitment to innovation. The financial regime is unusually free, enabling the organization to act innovatively.On the other hand, in 1883 the Peabody Trust was severely criticized for housing only the aristocracy of the working classes, it is arrive at that wherever the Trustees built they provided rooms at rents lower than those generally prevailing in the agile neighborhood. It is remarkable that in an area of Westminster where there were only ninety-six one-roomed tenements available, the Peabody Trust added sixty two, but just as important is the fact that in a congested part of central London they were able to commotion three rooms for about the price of two in neighboring streets.No wonder that the Peabody super wrote that in his twenty-eight years of managing various model dwellings, he had never experienced so great a rush for places. If the buildings had been six times as large, he declared, I would have no impediment in letting the rooms. (Medical officer of Healths Report 58). The Peabody Trust, of all the mode dwelling companies, appeared to have had the greatest and most continuous demand for its rooms.The rent structure and activities of the Peabody Trust were bitterly attacked by several of the model dwelling companies. In part this stemmed from the definition by the other companies of Peabodys original intentions, in part from jealousy and rivalry. Many felt the Trustees should concentrate on building in the most run-down areas of London (FRSS 103). The other companies feared that the activities of the Trust would jeopardize the entire working-class housing achievement by thwarting the principles of five percent philanthropy.Meanwhile, one of the representatives of the Peabody Trust admitted before the same committee that the Trusts policy of letting at well under market rates might reprove commercial and semi-philanthropic builders, but he suggested, perhaps not too seriously, that the only solution then was for the Trust to buy up its competitors and reduce their rent levels, a solution which would certainly have made the Trust a public body.There even existed a widespread feeling that at the rate the Trust was accumulating money and property it might one day become the sole builder of working-class housing in central London. Like the other companies, the Peabody Trust was very careful in its selection of tenants. The Trust often turned down applicants whom it considered able to afford other accommodation, and it was very strict in its intent to obey Peabodys injunctions concerning moral character.One can only hazard a guess that the Peabody Trust and the model dwelling companies which cooperated with the Board under the Cross Act attracted to their model dwelling well paid labourers and artisans from nearby streets, and thus, through the leveling-up process, made it easier for those displaced under clearance schemes to find vacant lodgings in the immediate vicinity.Hardship and dislocations inevitably occurred, but without the willingness of the Peabody Trust to assume the duties of a semi-public body and build on a scale matching the demolition work of the central London government, the first large attempts at slum area clearance would either have been totally abortive or w ould have even more denigrating effects. Of all the agencies erecting model dwellings, the Peabody Trust excited the most interest and stimulated most controversy. It did more than any other model dwelling society to draw attention to the peculiar difficulties involved in constructing dwellings in central London.They are actively involved in a number of urban regeneration initiatives, their approach is a holistic one, embracing social, economic and confederation development issues as well as physical improvements. In 1999 Peabody joined forces with South work Housing and appointed ECD Architect s to take a shit a master plan for the redevelopment of the Coopers Road Estate. Shortly afterwards they acquired an adjoining site, fronting the Old Kent Road, cognize as Success House and invited proposals from ECD for a mixed-use high-rise building.Concurrent with these activities, Peabody have been carrying out a community mapping exercise, liaising with a developer to redevelop the site of neighbouring redundant pub and planning improvements to Ken House, an existing Peabody state that abuts both sites. The redevelopment of these sites will act as an important catalyst for regeneration of the wider area. Planning boon for the Coopers Road site was obtained in November 2001 and a start on site is programmed for January 2003.

Lord of the Flies Character Monolgues Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Character Monolgues Essay shits monologueOh god, what have I d bingle? Simon, piggish, its entirely my fault. I slang express what I feel, the perturb, its overmastering and mind numbing. Ralph if exclusively you could understand the grief that I am going through, in-fact maybe you do? Maybe youre languishing far-off more than me. Their deaths leave behind get engraved in my conscience until the day I die. I would do eitherthing Ralph, anything to get your forgiveness. At the moment I dont cypher you can b ar to look at me, I can barely look at myself. I mean how can I? Im a murderer. entirely if I had the courage to say all this to you, I know the old me would have. No-one will understand the longing and hunger I felt hunt, it was pure exhilaration. I guess that is when things began to get out of hand.My mind became misrepresent by the desire to kill, spill blood and maim. It was over-powering I tried to control it but the day Simon died I let out all my rage. It felt good. Jealousy played its part as well jealousy of you being attractor and you liking Piggy more than me. Piggy was the easiest person to bully he was so vulnerable yet you Ralph kept sticking up for him. This made me hitherto angrier towards him. I will present for my sins by going to jail when I return to England but the pain in my head is energy compared to jail. What more can I say? Only that Im sorryRalphs monologueI cant even begin the express the feeling of loss I have for both Simon and Piggy. They were my friends and they lost their lives approximateing to nurture order. I hate hoot and I wish every day that it was he who had perished on the island and non Piggy or Simon. I suppose that I am to shoot down as well. Only if I had stopped Jack earlier none of this would have happened. The mere fact that I was once friends with Jack makes me sick. The flashbacks of that awful saltation and Piggy tumbling off that cliff regularly haunt me. I cant get them out of my head, maybe thats a good thing because it means I will neer forget their deaths or who caused them.The thought of Jack disgusts me, I can non lay eyes on him for he is a murderer, a murderer who ruthlessly used his power to kill my friends. Eternity in jail is not enough for Jack, how can it be? Someone who has taken the life of another person unlawfully does not deserve the ripe(p) to live. I shall write a book about my experience so that no one else has any indecisiveness about what to do in that situation. Thank God that most of the littluns are safe, I suppose they werent a big enough trophy for Jack to conquer. Roger has to pay as well, although Jack controlled the actions of his people I was always uneasy with Roger because I felt that if Jack was not thither, Roger would be the one to lead their race.Now I hope that Piggy and Simon are living happily in paradise and when Jack dies, there is only one place he should goRogers monologueI shall blame Jack for killing Simon and Piggy. In court I will say that he forced me to lurch the boulder and kill Piggy. Hahaha no one will know that it was my full intention to kill. I will play for the sympathy vote in court and put on my best act so that it is Jack who gets sent down, not me. I feel like I missed out, I couldve excruciate so art objecty more people during my stay on the island. Oh well now its back to nuance and rules and laws. How boring I long for a chance to do everything again but this time I would make myself chief. I wonder what has happened to the beast. Maybe it will haunt that island forever. Now I am sluttish because there isnt any beastie where I live, hehe. I can do what I like.Ralph knowmed a good leader at first but he was too preoccupied with the fire and rescue. Jack was a die leader but he never fully got to that stage of really wanting to cause pain to theto the other children on the island. Instead it was always hunting with him. He wasnt able to see tha t I was world-weary hunting pigs. I wanted to hunt littluns.Samnerics monologueWe were scared of Jack, really really scared. We hope that Ralph doesnt venture that we betrayed him. We couldnt help it Jack forced us to join him, he said that if we didnt he would torture us. Roger overly kept making threats to us and eventually it slipped out that you were hiding nearby. Our time in Jacks tribe was really quite boring and scary. At all times we were frightened that if we did anything wrongfulness, Jack or Roger would hurt us. Almost all of the boys felt that way, we only did what Jack told us to do because we were scared of him, there wasnt any other reason.Poor Piggy, he was really dear to us and we miss him loads. We shouldve pushed Roger of from the cliff in retaliation but we were too stunned at the time. The shameful nature of our actions when were with Jack cannot be rationalised, especially the nighttime Simon died. We didnt leave early that night like we had told Ralph a nd Piggy but we saw and took part in the dance albeit on the outside. That island made fools out of us, we hope to never return their again. Looking back it is hard to see how things turned out so bad. Probably the main reason things got out of hand was Jacks invite for leadership. Many a time we saw that Jack hated following the orders of someone else.We will try to forget this solemn event in our livesEvidence for the religious perspectiveEvil within man , island= heaven, forget previous life, lack of moral/spiritual guidance caused sin+ destruction, created a primitive tribe religion, only god can save1) evil with man golding believes this otherwise why make the eccentric person of Simon?(he is the one who says the beast is themselves)2) eden, hmm not always, described as scar, other island has jagged rocks etc, but simons hideaway eden like, fruit is mentioned a LOT.3) god does not save, simon fails, message that Golding is saying we cannot use God as an excuse for this, we m ust change this ourselves4) much evidence for lack of moral guidance, no parent to give this, children think it is ok to torture each other + all the other horrible acts committed on the island5) bastard creates a rival religion to Ralphs one, boys like jacks more due to the ancestral desire for meat, hunting. Ironically, there is a sort of order in Jacks religion because every1 is so scared of doing anything wrong, they dont do anything. This deeds against them when they are ordered to kill, etcThe legal angle,Cannot be held wholly responsible due to age, did they understand right from wrong?, premeditated?1) well, ofc they cannot be held wholly responsible, they were only 12 years old2) they could be because certainly Roger knew right from wrong, yet still he chose wrong, jack on the other hand was blinded by his anger for hunting3) some actions were premeditated, the trap thought of by Jack at their new hideout4) he sed that they cud use it to kill any1 who comes5) simons deat h was not really premeditated, the boys got swept up in a mad deep passion which caused them to kill him6) Roger+Jack however can be convicted of Piggys death, not of simons if some1 sed that they shud be convicted of simons death then all of the boys including Ralph+Piggy wud be convicted because of the first death caused by the huge fire, hmm maybe Piggy exempt+ littluns, rest convictedThe moral picturesimilar to psychiatrists view and parts of religious view.The other children slowly pass Jacks views because he is the head of that particular family, jack however turned nasty due to a return to primeval instincts.Cruelty flourishes in conditions where there is much fear, lack of parental guidance, feeling of zip to lose , despairHard to see if Jack felt despair, but certainly Ralph and Piggy do, preferably they do not give up hope golding says capacity for selflessness and love this is shown by Piggy (towards littluns + Ralph (when he helps the crying one talk bout beastie))Si mon shows love towards all of nature, but he is not understood by others and is called batty.Again lack of parental guidance to tell them right from wrong+ children not on island are going wrong so imagine the difficulty for children on an islandHumanist viewFear- no one escapes fear, shown by the beast not including simon (he is afraid of speaking out)Tyranny,- Jack becomes a handmaiden of his own thirst for blood,he does not rule himself, the hunger does, gets power and the situation becomes worse, breaks away from Ralph

Artemis Temple Essay Example for Free

Artemis Temple EssayShe presided over the variation of a woman from virgin (parthenos) to married woman (gyne) and protected the virginity of those who were unmarried or wished to remain virgins (2). Artemis overly oversaw marriage, childbirth and assisted with child-rearing (3). Virginity was especially emphasized in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus only virgins and men were allowed plan of attack and married or sexually active women were excluded under penalty of dying. Artemis is commonly regarded as a natality goddess, mostly because of the multitude of breasts that cover her cult image (4). This essay will discuss three aspects of the ancient Temple of Artemis, the style, the restoration of its architecture and its sizeableness. The temple of Artemis was built around 550 BC and was the first temple to be entirely of marble and the largest temple ever built. The temple was financed by the wealthy king of Lydia and was designed by the Greek architect Chersiphron. Marshy ground was selected for the building site as a precaution against in store(predicate) earthquakes.The foundation was laid on a bed of packed charcoal and sheepskins, the column drums and architraves moved from the quarry, relates Vitruvius, by fitting them with large wheels and then, like rolling axles, having them pulled by oxen (5). It resembles the classical Greek temple a stoic rectangular structure with mighty columns (6). The temple measured 350 by 180 feet and from the outside, its most prominent feature was its more than 100 marble columns. Since it was built in the Ionic architectural style, the columns were decorated with sculpturesque reliefs at their bases and rosettes in their capitals (7).There were two rows of columns stretched across the front of the temple, standing about 21 feet isolated and extending from the front to the back of the temple at 17 feet apart. The door in the pediment along with two windows was think for Artemis own use (8). Inside the temple was the statue of Artemis herself, which was built from gold, silver, ebony and other stones. The temple brought in merchants, kings, and sightseers, more of donated jewellery and other treasures to Artemis and her temple. Its splendor also attracted many worshipers and pilgrims, strengthening the cult of Artemis (9).Since she was an influential figure, her fame went higher as soon as her temple was built. The Temple of Artemis was a very famous and attracted visitor from far and near. Its objective was both a religious institution and market place. The market place itself had small models of the temple and its goddess Artemis for the logger tourists as souvenirs to take with them. The columns at the front were decorated with intricate sculptures. It was built to honor Artemis as deep down the temple was an inner room called the sanctuary that houseda magnificent statue of the goddess.The temple was destroyed and rebuilt several sentences, each time it was built more impressiv ely than the time before it. The first time it was destroyed was on the night of July 21, 356 BC, a man somad Herostratus set fire to the temple in an attempt to immortalize his name (10). It caused the roof to cave in, the columns collapsed, and the statue of the goddess crashed to the ground. After the town created a law stating whoever mentioned his name would be put to death immediately. In the following two decades the temple was restored with the help of Alexander the Great.But then again in 262 AD, the temple was destroyed by the Goths and later swamped by floods, but still the residents of Ephesus vowed to rebuild it (11). However this time it was not rebuilt due to the high construction costs. A little later the temple began to lose its importance and many people were switching to Christianity and the town was completely isolated. There were attempts made to reconstruct the temple, but so far only a couple columns have been erected upon the remaining foundation.

The Social Contract Theory Essay Example for Free

The Social Contract theory EssayThe Social Contract Theory as propounded by Hobbes is based on the ratiocination that if go forth entirely free, human beings will act against their own self-importance interest in the long landmark unless they are subjected to an authority figure which monitors their interests for peaceful co-existence on the whole. The scenario which constitutes freedom employs the concept of State of Nature date the provision that envisages an authority figure forms the basis of Social Contract.Under State of Nature, a mans own self interest when followed without consideration for others under the pretext of competition, survival and vainglory results in a sort of destructive man against man scenario. In such a scenario, man starts giving reins to his baser instincts of survival without consideration for others. To repress this, individuals need to cede their rights to a sovereign authority, in a Social Contract, that protects their interests without infr inging on anothers interests.For this, it is imperative that the ruling authority be above petty prejudices and biases to bind each individual who would differently on their own be competitors and not always agree with their different notions of justice and fairness. The direction of actions of individuals to a peaceful co-existence requires a set of rules that forms the basis of morality which is meaningless under State of Nature, where personal interests without attachment for others is the only rule at play.The covenant of Social Contract thus enforces a positive interlingual rendition of men from chaotic self serving entities to individuals enjoying order and peace in an organized society. Pleasing every(prenominal) being an impossible proposition, any misgivings against the authority in a Social Contract resulting due to call of power have to be borne as a price for peace over the chaos in State of Nature. It must be mentioned however that the individuals still retain the right to protest and demand explanations in case of excesses by the sovereign authority. References Hampton, Jean (1988). Hobbes and Social Contract Tradition. Cambridge University Press.

Desistance Rehabilitation And Reintegration

Desistance Rehabilitation And ReintegrationWhen a guilty is adapted-bodied to stop the bearing that characterizes his or her deplor sufficient activities, the gradual movement involved is what is termed as discontinueance. Apart from the fact that it has practical applications for probation formulateers with vile offenders from the community, desistance also has a strong link and company in the rehabilitation of a lamentable. How invariably, theories of desistance when comp atomic number 18d to the theories of the onset of sorry doings realise been much neglected and under positive in the history of criminology (Smith, 2007). It is indeed a unspoiled sign when studies of desistance increase drastically especially since the last twenty years this has been particularly noniceable later on the using of the way fly the coop opening that was done by Sampson and Laub. But as Piquero (2004103) excuses, continued inquiry has been signifi bottom of the inningtly aff ected by methodological and theoretical issues. to a greater extent everywhere, theorists in the field dedicate not been able to come up with a universal exposition of desistance. Consequently this paper endeavors to create a possible definition of desistance and to further more than give a preview of the updated main facts and theories of desistance.Understanding desistanceOxford Dictionary defines desistance as, to desist or to stop doing slightlything cease or abstain. Applying this definition to criminology is provided a bit technical. The big question is commonly ab aside time, if a barbarous is able to stop a certain criminal behavior for 4 weeks for example, is it correct to classify him or her as an accomplished shell of desistance? What is the recommended time for one to be surely that he or she is lay off from the annoyance? If future behavior can best be predicted by looking at olden behavior, and if recidivism and relapse argon the rule rather than the excep tion, then how does a microscopic definition of desistance be formulated? (LeBel et al, 2004). Laub and Sampson (2001) as a matter of fact agree that a definition of desistance cannot be made, they support that the questions in a particular research best deduce the definition of desistance for the investigator (cited in Maruna, 2006). According to Shadd Maruna, for a habitual offender, any recognizable time spent without doing any offensive activity is called primary desistance.However studies on recidivism and relapse cannot be complete without an outline of achieving recollective term desistance. Maruna goes on to therefore distinguishableiate that secondary desistance is when a criminal is able to intensify his identity and take an virtually permanent direction to a deportment free of the initial crime that was a norm in his behavior. Studying secondary desistance is valuable as it seeks to understand how initial offenders can be able to glide by a distance from their crimes. Desistance is therefore not the final ensue of the end of a crime it is genuinely the process that is gradual and continuous till the end dissolvent of prospering desistance. Sampson and Laub (2001) acknowledge that there is a huge difference between the stopping an offence and the continuous smorgasbord to a crime free biographystyle. They mark that as comp atomic number 18d to theories of offend, desistance theories have not yet been to the full studied and explained, yet desistance is now mute as the procedure necessary for acquiring an accomplished state of non-offence.It is important that a criminal who wants to change must be willing to change his or her self-importance identity and concept to be able to grasp the full context of change. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) explain that on the contrary it is a common occurrence to watch ex-offenders who have undergone desistance commit other acts of deviance, (cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 298). Desistance is the refore basically the ability of a former criminal to be able to solely withdraw from a crime and to maintain being in that state regardless of the challenges involved when trying to keep away. Some of these challenges ar social stigma, return to criminogenic environments later on make out from prison, homelessness, take c atomic number 18ance, and limited c atomic number 18r and educational opportunities (Ric unattackables and Jones, 2004).Career criminals are those who have been criminal offenders for a considerably long period of time (Maruna, 2001). According to Laub and Sampson (2003), career criminals rather than small time offenders should be given more attention in researches on desistance. However another major problem in the deal of desistance is the relegateiness of completely prosperous offenders in desistance to the researchers in the field (Maruna, 2001 Burnett, 2004). Total desistance to numerous ex-offenders is quite a dense step as most of them vernacu larly end up going back to their initial criminal tendencies (Piquero, 2004).Addiction is a very significant factor that is more often overlooked yet its office to the whole process of desistance has a major impact on the ability of a criminal to completely change. It is therefore important to understand the connection between the two before arriving at a definition of desistance. From a number of researches it has been recognized that the link between addiction and criminal activities is actually very strong. A drug addict is therefore more presumable to engage in crimes (Maruna, 2001). Moreover the cause of addiction and criminality are as a matter of fact very similar. Frisher and Beckett (2006141) found that a extended percentage of drug abusers are very active members in criminal gangs.Therefore, when defining desistance, it is necessary to descent that the complete resistance of both criminal offending and drug abuse must be cognize (Maruna, 2001). To achieve the purpos e of this paper desistance can be described and defined as the initial process allowing quality desistance from drug abuse, criminality and other forms of deviance for an ex- criminal. Quality desistance in this case is the is the list finis of previous criminal behaviors together with other possible forms of deviance like drug abuse for at least ten years accompanied by a change in the identity of an individual.Desistance theoriesageingAge has been found to be a significant factor in criminology, as one grows old(a) it is noted that their level of criminality greatly reduces. (Smith, 2007 Sampson and Laub, 2003 Gluecks, 1943 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). In 2000 in the United country 19 year olds were found to have committed crimes fifty times more those which men of over fifty years had committed. According to research the total behaviorspanspan of a criminal is usually world-wide considering factors like ear ly deaths, imprisonment and when a criminal is evolving to avoid being detected (Maruna, 2006).In a research of 411 criminal males in London, Farrington (1990) found that as the criminals grew older, their crimes reduced greatly with time exactly this however depended on divers(prenominal) display cases of crimes (cited in Smith, 2007). For example, burglary is at its highest at age 20 composition fraud and drug abuse offences record their highest at the age of 25 all the way to 30 as burglary sets on a steady decline afterwards. Nevertheless for the persistent hard perfume criminals into their 70s, there was a kick the bucket connection between their age and their crime rates according to studies by Laub and Sampson (2003, 2005, 2005b). Furthermore they know that alcohol and drug offences were their highest in the mid- thirties as compared to other offences. They finally came to a conclusion that both age and the type of crimes affect the whole process of desistance as easy . However there have been different explanations to the not make headway age crime curve. Developmental criminologists have been able to link the age of an offender and the capability of total desistance to puerility related issues. (Mulver et al, 1988 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 Nagin, 2005 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2005a) Offenders are therefore carve up into two distinct groups, the childish and the persistent adult offenders.As a result it will be evident that in their late teens the teenages will be able to grown out of crime and will be able to work on their social circles basically due to their education and nigh social integration skills. Academic failure, broken relationships and neuropsychological handicaps on the other hand doom the adult offender to a liveliness of deviancy (Moffitt, 1993 1994 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). This scheme therefore separates offenders into two distinct groups each with very incomparable characteristics determined by childh ood factors, and only those who fall into the correct group have any hope of desistance. Sampson and Laub (2003 2005a 2005b) have strongly criticized this developmental approach to explaining desistance, and state that, there is no such thing as a fore-told look course persister (2003179). They explain that desistance is achievable for ant type of offender no matter which group they are in whether adolescent or adults. According to them childhood factors of offence do not determine desistance but alternatively befriend to explain the whole process of desistance.Gottfredson and Hirschi claim that offenders simply stop offending because of the natural aging of the individual (1995 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). They point out that for any organism there is perpetually a demo of discontinuity that applies to criminology and the national of desistance and its links with age. Therefore desistance is a natural process for any offender. Maruna (2001) however does not fully agree w ith this because according to him desistance, especially at the beginning, takes a huge amount of emotional, psychological and even animal(prenominal) effort and resources. Gluecks (1943) agrees with this too because he highlighted that desistance was the result of a process of maturational reform, meaning, an offender gradually grows out of crime (cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). This maturation process usually starts after age 25 when a criminal is able to settle down as the crime rate reduces gradually. However this theory has similarly been criticized as it does not probe into the meaning of age instead it assumes that the process of aging itself is responsible for desistance (Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2003). Acknowledging that age is a significant factor in desistance, Sampson and Laub (1992) state that maturational reform does not satisfactorily explore its moment in relation to social bonds and life turning points (cited in Maruna, 2001).Life bleed TheoryA significan t study on 500 men up to the age of 32 was carried in the thirties and 1940s by the Gluecks (1943 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a 2005b). Sampson and Laub later on in an impressive research followed up on 52 of these men and investigated on their criminal career to the age of 70. They found out that the causes of desistance and assiduity are actually opposites, namely the development of social check overs, structured routine activities and purposeful productive human role (Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a 2005b 2006). Their lifting indicated that job stability, military service and marriage were able to positively contribute to achieving desistance. These turning points were realized in the process of desistance whereby an offender seeks to start a new life by changing posture or even starting a new job like entering the military for example. This however does not necessarily involve starting over, sometimes these offenders work to gain back and maintain their buffer contact s like a job or a marriage in their quest to stop their criminal tendencies. Whichever path desistance takes these turning points often lead toa knifing off of the late(prenominal) from the pictureopportunities for investment in new relationships that protract social support, growth, and new social networksforms of direct and indirect supervision and monitoring of behaviorstructured routines that center more on family life and less unstructured time with peerssituations that provide an prospect for identity transformation and that allow for the emergence of a new self or scriptThese factors, they explain are true and are not affected by the type of marriage and the crime life of an individual , though informal, cohabiting and parenthood have also been linked to successful desistance (Sampson and Laub, 2006 Katz, 1999). Individuals with none of these social bonds are also more able to stop offending because, they have nothing to lose. Rebecca Katz (199913) indicates that, familie s of procreation may play a significant role in developing desistance since family influences self control and delinquency. Life course theory emphasizes on the strong influence of the social environment to offending explaining that absence of criminal peers reduces the chances of an individual ever engaging in offences and consequently attitudes and beliefs favorable to conformity will develop (Warr, 1998 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). Life Course Theory contradicts the link between developmental theories in criminal careers and desistance. It agrees that adulthood experiences are meaty as well but to some point more significant in establishing the possible trajectory of desistance (2003).Offenders desist as a result of individual actions (choice) in conjunction with situational contexts and structural influences linked to key institutions that help sustain desistance. As such we argued that desistance is a process rather than an event, and that It must be continually renewed. This primordial theme underscores the need to visit individual motivation and the social context in which individuals are embedded. (Sampson and Laub, 2003171) forceYet another essential element that has been pointed out as key in achieving successful desistance is authorisation. (Burnett, 2004 Maruna, 2001 McNeill, 2006 Maguire et al, 2006 Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2005 a). The theory of rational offence understands the fact that a criminal is able to make decisions based on his nous of what is good or bad according to him in his crime life. means therefore works hand in hand with rational choice in the key decision making processes of a criminal. Agency is important since it assists in the overall process of making a rational choice. Furthermore, considering the often irrational patterns of offending of many criminals, and the many economic and social constraints offenders live under, rational choice theory alone cannot pecker for decisions to desist (Burnett, 2004 Samp son and Laub, 2005b). In their study of the Gluecks men Sampson and Laub (2005a) found that agency was a vital component in successful desistance. There is more to the structural support in the process of desistance, agency is required to offer the determination and persistence part of the equation. Agency determines the will to keep moving on and only those who are persistent will be able to manage the whole process. This will to desist and the internationalization of state to overcome the challenges offenders face as they undergo desistance (Maruna, 2001), is very difficult to measure or predict and introduces a seemingly random component into life course turning points, making neat prediction inherently a difficult endeavor (Sampson and Laub, 2005a177). Moreover it is a quintessential component in the study of desistance and persistence in a criminal career that has however not been fully researched to date. In their research of the life course theory of life Sampson and Laub as sert that they have been seeking to explain the importance of the human agency as an aid in understanding desistance and other deviance forms (2003177).Knifing off ones past, has come out to be a vital element to describe the ability to be able to accomplish a successful desistance for some individuals. To achieve this voluntarily, agency is necessary since it is one of the most difficult things to do and needs a lot of determination. It is a process that is more often accompanied by cutting all past contacts and establishing new ones for example geographical location and family. Most importantly though, Maruna et al (2006a) explained that it can as well involve internal change, or a change in the way the offender views themselves, their past, and their environment. This change in the individuals thinking is vital for the maintenance of long term desistance (Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a Maguire et al, 2006).Contemplation time was found to be a crucial moment that assist ed in creating a turning point to desistance according to a study by Margaret Hughes (1998). And it was found that the opportunity to contemplate came as a result of a change in geographical location, imprisonment and residential treatment programmes. Hughes participants found their desire to change develop when they removed from the usual environments and being able to get ample time for self actualization.Social identityResearchers have essay to explain the phenomenon whereby some individual are able to sustain long term resistance while others do not, and it has been discovered that apart from agency, an individuals self identity change is similarly necessary. The chance of an ex-offender remaining crime free very much depends upon developing a new identity, and new values and beliefs that were not congruous with criminal offending (Burnett, 2004). For sure, a significant amount of work done in rehabilitating offenders and addicts, such as 12 Step and cognitive behavioral thera py, targets change in the individuals self-perception (Maruna, 2001).Each and every individual, whether an ex-offender, offender or normal citizen has a unique self identity by which their actions are guided upon, it is therefore as a result of this mechanisms that give people the different circumstances they exist in. Crucially, self- storys provide a indwelling account of the meanings that offenders place upon changes and turning points in their lives (McNiell, 2006).More often though not a fact self narratives have been of assistance when people seek to explain their actions. Narratives very often change throughout the life course and understanding narratives, helps individuals realize the significance of past and present events in our lives (Sampson and Laub, 2005a).In a desistance study in Liverpool, Shadd Maruna investigated the different self narratives of two distinct groups of offenders whereby one persisted and the other desisted, to account for the changes in ex-offende r identities (Maruna, 2001). He was able to find out that both the desisting and persistent criminals actually had more or less the same(p) person-to-personity characteristics and were not as agreeable and conscious as the general population. Self-narratives are the only components that divided the two groups after thorough interviews. Active offenders had what Maruna described as a, condemnation script (2001), meaning, they saw life as an unfortunate abyss of hostility and uncertainty. They believed that circumstances had pushed them to their present situation and there was nothing they could do to change things and that the authority pushed them even further away. Desisting ex-offenders on the other hand had a positive picket on their past and present and this is what assisted them to continue with their desistance process. It is this self-narrative that may be the tool needed for successful desistance.The self-narrative of the ex-offenders holds a version of the truth that is o ften quite different from historical truth (Maruna et al, 2007). This self narrative attaches a psychological component to the real facts of the past and creates a purpose and meaning in the life of an offender. This is what brings about the positive outlook and assists in achieving desistance. In a study focused completely on religious changes of rehabilitated offenders, Maruna et al discovered that their self-narrative was interestingly changed by their conversion experience (Maruna et al, 2006b). As a result the importance of this self narrative is once more highlighted as it helps an offender realize that the past can be changed and that the future has a hope even for those in long sentences. The offender is therefore able to have a new sense of identity, empowerment, purpose and forgiveness.The self narratives of most offenders in the desisting group have a common characteristic Maruna describes as, the redemption script (2001). This is basically the belief that an offender is a good person and that his or her past was merely as a result of circumstances of crime, recidivism and addiction. As a result of this, the offenders are able to endeavor to live new lives as they continue in with their desistance. They are then able to view themselves as role models with the necessary knowledge and experience to advice and educate the conterminous coevalss, something Maruna calls, Making Good. The major difference therefore between the desisting offenders and the persistent ones is the positive energy they resound themselves with.Confidence and self belief are as a result pointed out to be essential qualities as they guide an offender to understand that their past was a necessary component for them to be where they are at the present. This redemptive narrative helps them realize that they are not their past and that their future is what that matters. The acknowledgement of a supreme power beyond them has also been a contributing factor in the lives of these offe nders. This is because they realize that their past might have been a plan to give them the positions they hold in the present, like being counselors and younker leaders. This moral superiority and change from the past, according to Maruna, is to make up for long stretches of lost life.During desistance according to Stephen Farrall some offenders undergo long periods of creating new social identities (200685). However much these offenders change, it is not forgotten that they acknowledge they are responsible for their criminal past. The idea that reformed criminals accept blame and feel shame for all of their crimes is not supported by research (Maruna, 2007). Successful offenders in desistance often admit to the guilt of their past but they however rationalize their actions and justify or blame themselves and accept that circumstances might have pushed them to criminality. sometimes however they do not accept their actions and believe that the society pushed them to crime. Such a belief administration would not encourage an ex-offender to accept responsibility for breaking laws that they perceived to be based on inwardness class values, and representative of a society that had neglected and mistreated them (Maruna, 2001).The Liverpool Desistance Study prove that a concurrent characteristic of the redemption script is an offender accepting to take control of changing his future however they do not acknowledge their past crimes. An internalization of full responsibility for their future, including the determination to overcome the many obstacles they will face, seems to be a defining feature of successful desisting ex-offenders. Maruna (200188) summarizes the themes of the desisting persons narrative asan establishment of the core beliefs that characterize the persons true selfan optimistic perception (some might say useful illusion) of personal control over ones destinythe desire to be productive and give something back to society, particularly the next ge nerationMoffitt Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior A Developmental TaxonomyMoffitts (1993) concept of dual taxonomy of offending similarly tries to explain the processes of desistance and persistence. Moffitt (ibid) defined that offenders can be grouped into two adolescent limiteds and life persisters. Moffitt proposes that the two groups are different and unique from each other in their offence and desistance processes, with the life course persisters having a different aetiology to the adolescent limited offenders. It is explained that they may be suffering neurological problems that affects their cognitive and learning skills. This is therefore evidenced by unretentive social skills even in the family leading to the various forms of anti social behavior and poor self control Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). Early signs of antisocial behavior are a common characteristic of life course persisters (for example under-age drinking, premarital sex) as a result they are often excommunicated from their initial societal setting because of poor behavior, development and social bonds. Early signs of antisocial behaviors like these are normally a clear indication of a persistent criminal career in the future. This will be in connection to the age graded theory meaning there patterns of crime will be different and theirs will be a continuous cycle of events of affected marriages, work, education and relationships.Moffitt continues to explain that unlike life course persisters, adolescent limited offenders are not affected by any neurological problems and are able to successfully develop their social networks and cognitive skills. Therefore the causal factors for their criminality are committed to the gap between social development, age and desires. Age for example prevents them from engaging in adult behavior like sex or drinking. As a result of deviance from their desires, they tend to associate with the life course persister leading to the growth of their deviance. However, due to their developed social skills and academic success they are likely to be able to change more easily if they choose desistance. This is because they will be able to depend on their strong social bonds for support.Maruna (cited Laub Sampson 2001) explains that finding continuity in the criminality maybe be caused by methodology, by concentrating on dispositional traits to the exclusion of other personality traits. People can be able to change as Laub and Sampson write, even if their characteristic personality traits do not change radically with time. In prepare to understand desistance , researchers need to explore other aspects of personality such as offender self-perceptions or personal strategies Maruna (cited ibid).Narrative scriptThere are two distinct narrative script types in the desistance writings that highlight how criminals really view themselves and their societal roles.For the persisters their script usually has a concurren t theme of condemnation. More often they blame external conditions like poor family relations and lack of education for their criminality. They generally have an external locus of control.In contrast the offenders who finally become successful in desistance have a redemption script. They are complete opposites of the latter and are fully responsible for their actions. As a result they make a positive choice to stop the crime by accepting rehabilitation programmes. They are described to have an internal locus of control.Factors that influence the particular narrative script that gets adopted by a criminal are majorly internal factors such as personality and genetics especially after rehabilitation. A higher chance of a redemptive script is noted to be as a result of intense rehabilitation.A probation workers relationship with an offender has also been linked to affect desistance. It is there important for these officers to have empathy skills that are crucial in the process of guidin g an offender to desistance as they strive to be able to re-integrate back into the society.Relevance of desistance theoryThe desistance theory is relevant in a number of different applied and academic professions. The desistance theory to researchers may provide a foundation to be able to examine the different factors that contribute to the cessation of a criminal offence from a theoretical view. The desistance theory allows for a number of different crimes in history and their approaches like the Lombrosian biological positivism, to have consideration in the present society which has an evident difference in its ways of thinking. As a result criminology is more still and its relationship with other disciplines like psychology, politics and social policy acknowledged. This will consequently allow the development of collaboration for a positive cause of reducing re offence rates.The desistance theory on a practical level has assisted the criminal justice system (CJS) to identify po ssible solutions to cases of reoffending of successful candidates of desistance through for example initiating community based sentences. This kind of programme is sure to gradually decrease the number of criminals in HM Prison Service institutions for short periods.Studies have shown that short-run sentences in prisons for example (those for less than sixsome months) often lead to increased crime rates after release. This is well explained by the fact that these short-term prisoners to not undergo complete metamorphosis from not covering all the rehabilitation programs. Their exposure to the hard core criminals in the prisons who have been there for longer and have been experienced criminals also contributes to their overall change.In addition desistance theory assists in the continuous development of training programmes for the respective professionals responsible for working with ex-offenders in the community. For example the Probation Service (see Narrative script section, abo ve).ControversiesIt is important for the general in the public eye(predicate) to realize that desistance is achievable and takes time. Offenders should therefore not be viewed as bad people who cannot live with others even after rehabilitation programs. The public is therefore advised not to discriminate these groups of people in their society.Reintegration cases of offenders back into the society have always caused massive outrages by a large percentage of the public community. There are numerous related cases of such circumstances that have often been quite difficult and delicate to handle. For example in 2011, the case of the reintegration of Jason Owen who was initially convicted of playing some part, albeit minimal, in the widely reported death of Baby P (now know to be dig Connelly) in 2007, and after serving his sentence for causing or allowing the death of Peter he was later released in 2011. The Sun theme immediately kicked off a campaign to find him. Readers were urged to write and report to the intelligence activitypaper of any knowledge of his whereabouts. There was an article in the same newspaper that sent sentiments of outrage over the fact that the ex-convict had actually tried to find a job.This is a clear indication of how the effort of successful psychological research can be nullified by news reports in the popular media. This kind of outrageous reporting is especially a common characteristic of tablet newspapers. Their influence over the public is often impressive and they are as a result able to manipulate and affect the attitudes of the wider public towards their view of desistance and offenders. As a result of this, future recidivism is often developed gradually due to the ill-informed public. Newspapers then use this recidivism as proof of their initial correctness.Conclusion