How Do Hindus View Suffering? Essay

Hinduism is an ancient religion and is a mixture of several different faiths. The religion includes the beliefs of the early inhabitants together with the beliefs of others from around the last three thousand years. Due to the diversities in the religion, it may seem that a number of Hindus may appear to be followers of a different religion – this is not so. The differing of beliefs can be seen in the view of suffering. It is one of the most vital concepts in Hindu philosophy. Suffering is â€Å"to undergo or be subjected to pain.†1 Pain does not just mean physical torture. It could mean anything from struggling to make ends meet, to being mentally unstable. Suffering may be internal, like physical pain, or external, resulting from the environment around. The three major religions that is Christianity, Judaism, Islam (known as the religions of the book) have their own teaching on what it means to suffer. The idea of suffering in the Christian tradition is particularly c onventional. The Old Testament book of Job depicts a righteous man who loses everything that he has, and in turn has inflicted upon him diseases. The view of suffering is found in the characters Zophar, Bildad, Eliphaz, who believe that the main reason Job is suffering in such a gruesome way is because of his actions. Job may have appeared to be a righteous man on the outside, but beneath, Job could have been a man whose heart was not fully pure, and therefore was being punished by God. Here the conventional Christian attitude is that suffering is a result of ones own actions. In The New Testament the belief is that suffering may not have been brought upon by the individual but by their parents or others around them. In Hinduism the attitude towards suffering is varied. An overall approach can be found in the four noble truths. Even though it is from the religion of the Buddhist, I feel that it can be applied to any religion that has to discuss the issue of suffering. The four noble truths are: – suffering exists. – there is a cause of suffering. – suffering can be stopped. – there is a way, the nob le eight-fold path. It is from this statement that I will base this assignment. It does not take much for one to realise what the world today is full of. Around us there is strife, consistent bloodshed, poverty, and millions of people in prolonged torment. â€Å"The universe is a chain of killing and being killed, of devouring and of being devoured. The whole (world) is just food and the eater of food.†2 When one stops to reflect on the situation, it is obvious that suffering in the world does exists – it is inevitable, the reason being , it is due to man and his greed. Suffering in the Hindu world can be seen within the caste system. In the Hindu tradition, its members are divide into for groups or castes. First is the Brahmans. They are considered to be the priestly or intellectual caste. Second are the Kshatriyas. They are referred to as the warrior and ruling caste. Third are the Vaisya. They are known as the commercial and agricultural caste. Fourth are the Sudras. They are understood to be the caste who labour. Suffering may not be experienced by the first three castes, but is experienced in the remaining caste. Such suffering includes not only physical and mental suffering, but, † legal, social, and religious disabilities.†3 The Hindus attitude towards the caste system, is that it represents the life a person lived in the past. This then leads us to discuss the belief in Karma (this will be discussed below). So whatever caste a person is born into, whether it be the priestly or even the labourers, it is no one else’s fault but the individuals. If one finds themselves within the lower castes they then know that the former life lived was not worthy, and so now faces the consequences, together with being given the chance to change. â€Å"It emphatically lays down that an individual’s rise or fall is the social scale in the next life depends entirely on the good or bad deeds which he performs in the present life.† 4 On this point the majority of all Hindus agree that suffering is inescapable in this world. When considering the first noble truth it is here that we find differing theories. One view is suffering can be seen as an illusion. â€Å"Like all empirical phenomena, like empirical existence itself, suffering is an illusion, a mirage.†5 Such a belief is accepted by the Upanishads. Suffering depicted in the scripture is not a real experience, it is unreal. It is unreal in the sense that although the physical body is affected the inner self is not. â€Å"The body may suffer but that the self which pervades it is not affected.†6 Suffering is seen then by the scripture as an illusion, it is not an actual experience. Then again it must be impossible to say that something is not there if one can actual feel and respond to it. The Upanishads realise that once a person is born into the world, they are automatically placed in an environment in which evil and suffering exists. Therefore because of all the influences surrounding them, the body will then gradually take on the forms of the world. Man becomes corrupt as he focuses on looking out for himself. The god Brahman is to be connected with the idea of suffering as an illusion. Everything that happens within this world is said to be the manifestation of Brahman. â€Å"I am the body, his mental attitude. I am the Brahman.†7 Man is not the owner of his body, everything from his outer being to the inner being is that of Brahman. If Brahman is then the controller of a person from the inward out, then whatever problems an individual is faced with should not really affect them. This is because it is the owner of the body, not them that has to deal with the problem, but Brahman. If one looks at the relationship between the Hindu and Brahman, it is possible to understand why suffering should be seen as an illusion, because really the person being affected is Brahman. The individual may feel that it is them that has to cope with the misfortunes that come to them. If they accept the fact that it is Brahman who is overseer of the body then there is no need to be aggrieved. On the other hand if they do not recognise that fact then of cause the suffering they are experiencing will be as â€Å"real as do the objects of the world.†8 â€Å"Suffering therefore, is only a problem so long as it appears to be a final and inescapable truth. But when it is realised that the self is not bound forever to the transient world of suffering, but rather that it is Brahman, then suffering can no longer occur.†9 If one was then to ask a Hindu the question ‘does suffering exist?’ the answer most likely to be heard is no – suffering is only a ‘fragment of the imagination.’ Just as there were varying views on whether suffering exists or not, there is also differing views as to what causes suffering. Like all other religions, some Hindus believe that the cause of suffering is the result of one’s actions known as karma. The Hindus attitude towards suffering is to be found in the doctrine of karma. If one can understand this doctrine clearly, then so to, the theme of suffering can be clearly understood. The doctrine basically states that every action of an individual will no doubt produce some results whether it be good or bad. The consequences of the actions will determine the life of an individual. For the individual to experience the results of his actions, another life experience is needed – hence the doctrine of reincarnation. The two doctrines can not be separated, it is impossible to talk of one without the other. In Christianity this doctrine is known as retribution. The actions committed in the past life can be depicted in the life t he individual leads in the next. â€Å"His past acts, for instance, determine the kind of body which he assumes, the family, society, and position in which he may be born.†10 For example if the actions of a past life was moral, then the following life would be a life of satisfaction. If on the other hand the actions were unjust, then, the individual would encounter a new life of hardship. Every action that an individual performs has a direct result or even a consequence. â€Å"An individual’s present position and suffering are a consequence of his own actions.†11 The basis for such a view is held in the Hindu belief in reincarnation. After death the soul is reborn in another form of life. The aim of reincarnation is to enable the individual to reach perfection so that they can be one with God. Such a cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth is known as samsara. If providing the past life of an individual was good then their soul would then automatically be with the Divine. If on the other hand the past life was bad then a chance is given to the individual to make up for the bad deeds done in their last life. Death then is viewed by the Hindus as something which is to be looked forward to – it is a step towards a new life in which one is given the chance to change. If one’s present life is full of nothing but suffering then in the next, life will be a vast improvement. Suffering in one life may then lead to an improved life. Suffering is then brought upon a person if they have done something in their life that has been corrupt. If one is to go around doing bad deeds, then the bad deeds will eventually take its toll on them, hence the suffering. Another cause for suffering is due to ones lack of faith and lack of devotion to the Divine. â€Å"The cause of the problem of suffering focuses on three characteristic fallings in the human condition, namely greed (labha), ignorance (avidya), and indifference (pramada).†12 The individual loses sight of the relationship held between Brahman, and instead possesses the desire for the tangible things of the world. It is as soon as the individual follows their mind and not their heart, does the experience of suffering take place. â€Å"Suffering arises only when one attaches himself to limited or transient objects as though they are permanent.†13 If one keeps their eyes focused on the Divine then everything will be more than satisfactory, but on the other hand if the eyes stray then the consequence will ultimately be suffering. Together with Christianity, Hindus view suffering in a positive note, that is, suffering can help strengthen the individual in their faith. In their time of need one would turn to the divine to find comfort and reassurance that everything wi ll be right in the end. Suffering is then seen as an experience that reinforce one’s faith. Another advantage of suffering is that it maybe an indication of better things to come in life. An individual can not expect to pass through life without having to come across difficulties, life would be ‘boring’ so to speak. Suffering in one’s life may lead to a better life in the next and so suffering should be appreciated. â€Å"Suffering is an experience, a part of the universe of being. It may be beneficial particularly if it is the foundation of better things.†14 There is a way out of suffering. Suffering is an experience which can easily be removed. â€Å"The Hindu view is that suffering is inevitable in this world and that the only way to deal with it is in fact to reject the world and seek release from it.†15 The solutions to suffering can be found in the doctrine of moksha. It is the doctrine where on can seek either liberation or release from the world fraught with corruption. The first way in which release can be brought about is by devoting oneself wholly to Brahman. This involves not only prayer but worship. Time needs to be taken out to focus on the almighty. Another way is through the way of action. This again brings to remembrance the doctrine of karma. By doing good deed the self becomes pure. By doing bad deeds then the self becomes corrupt. The final solution is said to be through yoga. It is through this physical exercise does one become united with Brahman. As discussed previously, one of the causes for suffering was due to man’s indulgence towards the material substances of the world. So if man disregards his lust for the world, then suffering itself will not be experienced. Man needs to be completely detached from the substances of the world and instead need to attach himself to the divine in order to prevent the occurrence of suffering. An additional way to solve the problem is if one is to take suffering as an illusion. â€Å"The way to alleviate suffering is precisely to realise indeed that it is nothing, at most it is a mere manifestation.†16 To conclude suffering in the religion is viewed in many terms. In my personal view suffering is part of life. Life would not be life if there was no such thing as suffering. I am not saying that suffering is nothing of importance, it is, when one is brought into a world surrounded by suffering, it becomes part of life, one has to learn to cope with it. In order to apprehend the concept in detail, one has to have an in-depth understanding of the various doctrines discussed above. It can be argued whether suffering exists or not, but what is clear is whatever the decision there is a way in which to prevent suffering. Essentially it is committing the mind body and soul to God. By doing this then the life being lived will no doubt be free from distress. Bibliography -Benjamin Walker, â€Å"Hindu World†, London vol. 2, 1968. -John Brockington, â€Å"Hinduism and Christianity†, Macmillan, 1992 -Arun Shourie, â€Å"Hinduism: Essence and Consequence†, Vikas New Delhi, 1970 -A.L Herman, â€Å"A Brief Introduction to Hinduism†, Oxford 1991 -J Bowker, â€Å"Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World†, London, 1975 -Richard Lannoy, â€Å"The Speaking Tree†, Oxford, 1971 -K.W Morgan, â€Å"The Religions of the Hindu World†, New York Press, 1954 -K.N Tiwari, â€Å"Suffering: Indian Perspectives†, Motilal Barnarsidass Delhi, 1986 1 Concise Oxford Dictionary 2 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 200 3 The Religions of the Hindus page 145 4 The Religions of the Hindus page 147-148 5 Hinduism: Essence and Consequence page 153 6 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 216 7 Hinduism: Essence and Consequence page 154 8 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 216 9 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 214 10 The Religions of the Hindus page 128 11 Hinduism and Christianity page 119 12 A Brief Introduction to Hinduism page 31 13 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 214 14Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 207 15 Hinduism and Christianity page 133 16 Hinduism: Essence and Consequence page 153

Football as an Intramural Essay

Abstract Intramural sports present a fun way for students to spend their time at school, and provide an excellent opportunity to introduce themselves in the new world of college. Students get the chance to meet new people by playing against them in various sports such as softball, volleyball, and basketball. These sports are also co-ed, meaning that men and women can play on the same teams or against one another. Intramurals is also a great way to improve attendance or boost student’s motivation to improve their grades. However, there is only a select variety of options for sports. Most of the sports would fall under women’s sports, with their being softball over baseball and volleyball over football. There aren’t many options for men to get involved in intramurals with no men’s sports to play. Adding one sport that’s a men’s sport will give men more options in participating in intramurals. The addition of football may be what this school needs to get more people involved in intramural sports at Alexandria Technical and Community College (ATCC). With a chance for more men to participate, and more women to get involved in men’s sports, it’s a sport that cannot fail if the right conditions are met. Too much contact could be an issue, but if it were even touch football (2-hand touch), there wouldn’t be very many problems. Adding football to ATCC intramurals is what this school needs to not only offer more options for students, but to help attendance and boost student motivation to improve grades. It will be beneficial for the school, and fun for the students. 1. 0 Introduction Alexandria Technical and Community College is a great place to get to know other students. One of the ways to meet the students is by joining their intramural sports and getting on teams that compete against the other teams of the school. 1. 1 Problem With having intramural sports comes the privilege of choosing what you want to do with your time. However, there are not many options for intramural sports. There is softball and volleyball, just to name a couple, but not many options for the students. This may be why there are a lot of ATCC students not participating in intramurals. We believe that the addition of one particular sport will attract more students, and that sport is football. 2. 0 Discussion 2. 1 Benefits to ATCC One of the main focuses of ATCC is to get their students involved in the school and the community. One of the ways they stride for this goal is to encourage students to join in intramurals. Our idea is that if football is added to the intramural list, it may bring in more students to participate in intramural sports, and bring more students together. 2. 2 Benefits to Students According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Proposition 48, students who participate in school activities and sports must maintain a GPA of 2. 0 on a 4. 0 scale [ (Begnaud, 2007) ]. With that being said, this would prove that students who participate in extracurricular activities would have to motivate themselves and push themselves to maintain a high enough GPA to still participate. This motivation would be beneficial to students, and with more students wanting to play football, this would motivate more students to succeed in school. So now the question is, â€Å"How do you know football is a popular sport? † Well, according to studies done by many colleges such as MSU Moorhead, football has been ranked the number one popular sport in the United States [ (Walter) ]. This means that given the choice, football would be the top pick for the majority of the nation. With that being said, if football is added to intramurals then students would choose it for their intramural and would be motivated to do well in school to be able to participate in intramurals. Figure 1. 1 2. 3 Effects on Attendance As was stated in section 2. 1, students would be more likely to do good in school because they must maintain a GPA of at least a 2. 0 on a 4. 0 scale. If students are to good in school, they must attend school and do well. Attendance is important to do good in school, so intramurals must effect attendance, right? This can be proven if the rules of the NCAA Proposition 48 are followed. 2. 4 Effects on Grades Again, the NCAA Proposition 48 proves that sports do have a major impact on grades, but only because they have to. Students must do good in school if they want to participate in intramurals. Figure 1. 2 2. 5 Right to Give Students a Choice in Sports According to the Constitution, we all have the right to free speech (Amendment 1). If this is true, then it should also give us all the right to a vote. So shouldn’t students be able to vote on whether or not to include football in intramurals? In addition to that, students should also have the right to vote on whether or not to choose if they want to play football as their intramural if it is added to intramurals. The point to be made here is that we all have a right to vote, so we feel that there should be a vote at ATCC on whether or not to add football to the list of intramurals. Our voices should be heard if there is something that we truly believe will benefit the people and the school better. 2. 6 Comparison to Schools with Football as an Intramural Sport It is very difficult to compare ATCC with other schools with intramural sports, and especially since ATCC doesn’t have football as an intramural. However, according to the following website, these are the community colleges that do include football as a sport of choice: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_community_college_football_programs This website gives all of the schools that have football as a sport of choice. On this list, some of the schools are also listed on the list of the top community colleges in the US. ATCC ranked #8 on the list, while St. Paul College ranked #1, and they do have football as a sport [ (Washington Monthly, 2010) ]. So, could football actually help our students do better in school? It appears that it could, since 57% of all men in colleges played football [ (Heinlien, 2007) ]. 3. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, due to the facts given in the above sections, we believe that students should be able to participate in a vote for football as an intramural at ATCC. Also, whether the vote happens or not, football should be added to the intramural list to improve student participation, and to improve not only attendance, but grades too. 4. 0 Appendix 5. 0 Glossary Intramural-involving only students in the same school or college. That’s the only word we feel the need to define 6. 0. Works Cited Begnaud, B. (2007, February 15). The Effect of Athletic Involvement on GPA. Retrieved November 28, 2012, from Yahoo Answers: http://voices. yahoo. com/the-effect-athletic-involvement-gpa-benefits-201277. html? cat=25 Heinlien, E. (2007, October 28). The Benefits of Intramural Sports. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from Helium: http://www. helium. com/items/670511-the-benefits-of-intramural-sports Mueller, J. (2012, February 16). Do Sports Have an Affect on GPA. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from Stat Crunch: http://www. statcrunch. com/5. 0/viewreport. php? reportid=23966 Walter, T. (n. d. ). How Do Professional Sports in the US Rank in Popularity. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from Wiki Answers: http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_professional_sports_in_the_US_rank_in_popularity Washington Monthly. (2010). College Guide. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from Washington Monthly: http://www. washingtonmonthly. com/college_guide/rankings_2010/community_colleges. php.

Ethical Challenges Essay

Almost any field of profession has its corresponding hardships that an individual involved in it has to face. Nevertheless, there are occupations that pose a more challenging situation due to the fact that it deals with the life or personal affairs of other people. This kind of adage is greatly applicable to the area of psychology most specifically counseling. The counselors are responsible in aiding people who are having difficulties in various areas of their lives, may it be in terms of their personal growth, relationships with other people, and many others (Hawkins et. al, n. d. ). Being the case, counselors have their own set of ethical dilemmas in doing their responsibilities especially in terms of separating their personal and professional relationships with their clients as well as giving sound judgments in times of crucial situations. These aforementioned roles could be exemplified in this case of a counselor that works in a rural setting. Counseling in this type of area entails that almost all people know each other and that they usually go and socialize to the same places. As such, being a counselor it could not be prevented that I have to socialize with my clients to some community events. This could mean ethical dilemmas such as: confidentiality, privacy and the overall boundary between a counselor and his or her client. This is why I should establish a firm distinction between my personal and professional life. I should see to it that whenever I mingle with my clients at community events I would not discuss any of the sessions that we had especially the situation of my other patients. Moreover, it is better that I do not get to attach with any of my clients to prevent any biases in their cases but I will still make sure that I establish good relationship with them. Another case involves a counselor that works in a local high school. One of her clients called her at a very distraught state and informed her that she was pregnant before and she committed abortion. She has not told anyone about it aside from the counselor. If I were the counselor, I will tell my client that it would be better that we talk the problem over face-to-face rather than in the phone. I could fetch her, as she is not in a proper state to travel. Then, we could talk at the clinic regarding her problem. I will also make sure that utmost confidentiality is observed since this is a very serious and delicate matter. I would leave the decision to her as to when she would inform her family and her boyfriend about that particular incident. However, I would also make sure that I inform her about the limitations to confidentiality (Hawkins et. al, n. d. ). In doing so, I could aide in deciding for the appropriate thing to do. The ethically appropriate action is to aide her through counseling and other means to guide her in making the right choices but I will never meddle with her decision or impose anything upon her. The role of the counselor is to help and guide the patient to make her burden easier but never to take control of the situation. In these two cases, it is clearly observable that counselors face ethical challenges in their profession. They even encounter more incidents like these because their responsibilities deal with other people’s life especially with regards to their emotional state. As such it is important that counselors adhere to ethical standards in order to help them in making sound and appropriate decisions. Reference Cornier, & Hackney. (2008). Hawkins, A. , Cormier, S. , & Bernard, J. (n. d. ). Common Challenges for Beginning Counselors.

The usage of financial accounting information Essay

The usage of financial accounting information - Essay Example One of the uses of financial accounting information is for funding purpose.Capital from shareholders and loans and credit from creditors require reporting of financial accounting information to solicit funds.Since the shareholders provide the funds for the organization to run,they are interested in the returns earned on their investments. Financial ratios such as return on shareholders' funds can be calculated to assess the returns earned on their investments. They use information on past performance obtained from the financial statements comprising the profit and loss statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement together with the present economic market conditions to predict the future returns. Also, since the shareholders elect the board of directors, they would want to regularly evaluate the management's performance. Profitability ratios, indications of earning capacity and ability to make profits, can be used by the shareholders to evaluate the management's performance. Loan creditors, such as bankers are interested in the financial stability and liquidity of the organization, as assessed by the liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, and capital structure ratios. Loan creditors would also like to know whether the organization is able to pay interest on time and to repay the principal of the loan. They can use financial ratios such as the coverage of fixed interest charges to assess the organization's ability in this regard. They are also interested in the amount of security existing for their debt, other liabilities the organization has and security offered for them. The balance sheet offers this information. Trade creditors let the organization obtain goods or services with postponed payment. They are interested in the ability of the organization to pay its debts as they fall due, as revealed by liquidity ratios. Both shareholders and creditors use financial accounting information to assess the timing and uncertainty of prospective cash receipts. The pros pects of cash receipts depend on the organization's ability to generate enough cash to meet its obligations when due and its other cash operating needs. The cash flow statement, when used in conjunction with the rest of the financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an enterprise, its financial structure and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances. Another use of financial accounting information is to solicit investments from potential investors. Potential investors require information on various matters, including solvency, financial strength, earning capability, and the ability of the management to decide whether or not to invest in the organization. The financial statements and the various financial ratios derived from the financial statements mentioned in the above paragraph can be used by potential investors to make this decision. Lastly, financial accounting information is used to facilitate wage and employment negotiations. Management accounting information is used for decision making such as to accept or reject special sales order, fix selling or tender price, add or delete a product line or department, maximize profits with a limited productive capacity or scarce resources, make or buy a component, or further process joint products. The management accounting information used in decision making is relevant costs such as differential and marginal costs. A special sales order, such as an order of a particularly large quantity such that certain costs can be reduced, can be accepted if it gives a positive contribution margin (sales minus marginal costs), provided the organization has idle capacity, fixed costs will not change, normal sales at regular prices will not be disrupted, and no other special order that is more profitable can be obtained. The selling or tender price is used to determine the target market of the organization's products. Some products may be sold in a luxury market where prices may b e higher

Infection Prevention and Control Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Infection Prevention and Control - Case Study Example 3) Collected data indicates the propagation. The epidemic curve shows continuous exposure that is much pronounced after the lunch hour and ends the following day according to the collected data. According to the determined incubation period, the exposure is prolonged thus other victims display symptoms at a later time compared to the others. Complaint of the obvious symptoms of infection appears in the afternoon and evening. However, further analysis of the situation is vital to draw the precise conclusion about the causative agent. 4) The case presented by the data qualifies to be an epidemic. It is a condition that involves a large group of people who are subjected to the pathological agent. Noticeable symptoms among affected individuals indicate they are suffering from the same thing or rather infected by bacteria or rather an agent. Every individual in the camp had the same complaints that clearly indicate the source of the problem is among the food consumed. Furthermore, it occurs within a short period and affects almost the whole population in an unusual way thus qualifies to be termed as an epidemic. According to statistics on data relating to the whole population, there is no connection between gender and illness. The high percentage of male individuals showing symptoms of the illness is due to the general high population of male soldiers compared to the female soldiers. Also, the odds ratio adds emphasis on the proportionality aspect of the data. A high population of the men means that they were exposed more to the causative agent compared to the females thus the high number of male individuals showing high levels of illness. Statistics on age distribution and infection indicate that there is no connection between illness and age of the individuals. People aged between 19 and 23 form the highest percentage of individuals. Therefore, exposure rate of the young individuals is high compared to the other age groups. Further proof of the preceded conclusion is taking a look at the age group 29-32.

Behaviourism - BF Skinner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behaviourism - BF Skinner - Essay Example So as a subject-matter of psychology this theory presents not the subjective world of an individual, but objectively fixated characteristics of an individual' behavior, caused by some external impacts. The followers of behaviorism have stated that the analysis of behavior must be strictly objective and content itself with observation of reactions on the surface. All that is happening inside of an individual cannot be studied as an individual's thoughts and conscience cannot be properly measured or recorded. Therefore nothing but responses and outward actions of a human being, and those stimuli and situations, which determine these reactions, can be researched objectively. According to behaviorists the main task of psychology is to spot the probable stimulus by response, and prognosticate some certain response by stimulus. From the point of view of behaviorism, personality is neither more nor less than a summation of behavioral responses inherent to a given person. Any behavioral response is originated by definite stimulus or situation. The formula 'stimulus - response' has been principal in behaviorism. The law of effect described by Edward Thorndike3 specifies that the connection between S and R becomes stronger if there is some reinforcement.

BUSINESS PROPOSAL Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS PROPOSAL - Assignment Example Small Business Administration (SBA) is the Guam’s government official agency that deals with helping in the formulation of business plans and securing funds necessary for its establishment. In the Business plan, investors should include the legal structure of the company. This would be determined by the following factors; investor’s ownership, management responsibilities and tax consequences. The various types of businesses include; sole proprietorship which has advantages like quicker tax preparations, low start up costs and ease of money handling. Its disadvantages include; personal liability and lack of financial control. In the case of starting a corporation, a type of business which has legal rights that separate its liability from the owners’ and it’s chartered by the state (Norman, 1999). To start this kind of business in Guam, investors are required to pay a filing fee of 50$. This levy is used to fill by-laws and articles of incorporation at the G uam Department of Revenue and Taxation. A corporation that seeks to be taxed as a corporation is called a â€Å"C† corporation. It pays federal and income tax on earnings while those that don’t pay income tax on their proportionate shares are called â€Å"S† corporations. ... The EIN can be secured from Internal Revenue Service offices. The Employer Identification Number will be useful in opening of the business bank account. This is done at the initial stage and it is an essential requirement for all companies and businesses that hire employees. The Employers Identification Number is issued to the applicant on the submission of form SS-4 to the Internal Revenue Service. Furthermore, there is an option of applying for the EIN online for instant issuance (Daily, 2010). Next, the investor registers for taxes. All companies incorporated in Guam have a mandate to register for one or several identification numbers that are tax-specific, licenses or permits which includes sales tax, unemployment tax and income tax withholding. According to section 26201, Article two, Chapter twenty six of Title eleven of the Guam Code of Annotated, privilege taxes should be assessed, levied and collected monthly against persons on the basis of their activities and business in G uam determined by application of rate against gross proceeds of sales, values or gross income. Businesses and business owners are required to pay Use Tax under the Guam’s Use Tax law which is applicable on the occasion that one has imported personal property that will be consumed or used in the operations of your business. If the business hires employees, it is required to pay the Payroll Tax (Norman, 1999). Guam has a separate Territorial Tax system apart from the United States based on the Internal Revenue Code. As business owner or entity conducting operations in Guam, is required by this code to file and report a Guam Territorial Tax Return. In title 26 and 31 of this code, business owners are mandated to file form 8300 if the business earns more than ten thousand

Book Summary about the book Train Go Sorry by Leah Cohen Essay

Book Summary about the book Train Go Sorry by Leah Cohen - Essay Example The plight of the deaf persons is shared through the analysis of Sofia’s life. When she takes her journey to join Gallaudet University, there is much doubt even amongst her family members, regarding the possible chances of Sofia surviving independently at the institution (Cohen, 172). Nevertheless, through the determination to partake the journey of improving her life, Sofia later realizes the vast opportunities that exist for the hearing-impaired persons in the society. Through Sofia’s journey, the book by Leah Hager Cohen demonstrates how being a deaf person in a new environment can be challenging, considering that Sofia is a deaf Russian immigrant, who is trying to settle in the new university environment. Thus, Cohen uses the American Sign Language idiom ‘Train Go Sorry’, which is interpreted to mean the ‘missing the boat’, as an indication that there is a great deal of miscommunication between the deaf and the hearing people, both at the individual and at the societal level (Cohen, 127). Nevertheless, the challenges faced by the deaf can be overcome, where there is a sense of independence and desire to live a normal and fulfilling life,. This was demonstrated by Faye Cohen’s, who is Leah Cohen’s grandmother. Despite her challenges as a deaf person, coupled with the tragedy of loss of her mother, she married another deaf person, and went ahead to live a fulfilling and respectable life, as a wife and a mother (Cohen, 77). However, there is a real threat to the deaf people’s world by the world of the hearing, where the advancement in technology has come to undermine any assistance that the deaf could have obtained in communicating with the hearing. In this respect, there is less technological advancement in the hearing-impaired devices. The effect has been the discrimination of the deaf people and those who struggles to fight

The Strategic Management Process of a Major Apparel and Denim Brand, Case Study

The Strategic Management Process of a Major Apparel and Denim Brand, Levi Strauss - Case Study Example In this paper, the case of â€Å"Levi Strauss- The Boss and the Yogi† as published in the Economist in the year 2014 is analyzed through the application of relevant business and corporate strategy models with the aim of identifying the current strategic position of the brand, understanding the core and contemporary strategies taken up by the company in the recent years, identifying the success of the employment of the new strategies and finally for recommending a suitable future strategic direction for the company. Levi Strauss uses the generic strategies of cost leadership and cost focus in which the company is trying to reduce the overall expense of the business by developing more efficient logistics and procurement systems in their global operations, trying to increase the profit levels by decreasing the operating costs while at the same time maintaining the product prices as per the industry standard. The company is also using the cost focus strategy to ensure that it can leverage on the customer sentiments associated with the brand and maintain the high prices of the products while at the same time remaining sufficiently competitive in the markets of operation. The intensity of competitive rivalry: The intensity of competitive rivalry is extremely high for Levi Strauss. Over the last few years, both the revenues and profits of the company have dropped by considerable extents due to the high degree of competiveness in the industry and the internal weaknesses of the company itself. Currently, the company is experiencing a declining market share in the American as well as global denim markets. The shares of the company have decreased from 7.2% to 5.3% in the period from 2004 to 2013. The threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants is medium for Levi Strauss. This is because  there are many established big and small players in the denim market which create high entry barriers for a new player in the market. Also, this market is so intensely con centrated that there is hardly any market gap left for a new company to enter into and position itself.  

Police and Society Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Police and Society Assignment - Essay Example Lately, in London, disgraces revolved around police involvement in and disbursements from organized crime, especially in drug squads and obscene publication squads. Other scandals include beating up of suspects, perjury, and tampering with confessional evidence. The Metropolitan Service recently investigated cases, which have brought in more attention to officers, mostly in specialized squads, benefiting from their position, such as through theft of money, protection of criminals, and the resale of detained drugs (Lesage, 2005). An increase in recognition of the prevalent nature of police corruption has resulted in significant developments in Wales and England. Task forces are being put in place to create good practice guidance in preventing corruption by the police. At a force level, corruption concerns and their professional standards have resulted in institution of ‘professional stands units’ in most of the police forces in Wales and England, which are dedicated to in vestigating and identifying corruption, misconduct, fraud, domestic violence, racist, sexist, or homophobic behavior, spurious claims of sickness to be granted a sick leave, and criminality among police staff. Principles of Police ethics and methods of accountability to deter police corruption Promoting an ethical culture â€Å"Policing by example† is one of the police strategies that have been incorporated in West Midlands, and involves various themes to set high standards of behavior in professional practices and in dealing with the public. It emphasizes high standards in the workplace and the significance of leadership. This ensures that harassment and other victimization forms are not tolerated, including the protection of policemen who report unethical actions among colleagues. â€Å"Policing by example† is an idea that can be promoted in other parts of the UK through glossy documents distributed in major police forces and training intended to raise awareness and guidance to challenge unacceptable behavior. There should be developments in political and public culture of civil liberties and individual rights in the UK to encourage more open public criticism on ethics of the police, especially in relation to minorities. Groups and communities should be organized to represent those who can rally community opinion and criticize police practice, which is in support of more external and legal regulation. It is logical to assume that this principle towards special interest group alarm about civil or legal rights and minority claims will increase open support for more aggressive governance and civil regulation of the police. Consequently, the government will be forced to put in place these new and more aggressive national demands for police accountability. The new Police accountability Basing on a neo-liberal critique of traditional management and government of the police, new philosophies and internal self-governance forms are being proposed. The e ntire political governance of the police is shifting away from the old models of reactive accountability that depend on the application of hierarchical, external legal rules, central regulations, and discipline that is punishment-centered. This traditional model of public review or accountability has failed to provide effective police accountabi

Exams versus Another Form of Assessment Case Study

Exams versus Another Form of Assessment - Case Study Example Up to today, almost all students usually think that taking of exams will rank them according to what they can do or achieve. This paper despises the fact that examinations are not proportional to what a student can do. Therefore, it seconds that fact that exams should be outlawed in favor of another assessment.According to Albert Einstein (2008), he said that everyone is a genius. However, the genius levels usually vary and that exam cannot equate someone’s potential to how he or she performs after a given exam seating. Children are different from each other, and this will make them have different abilities. Therefore, there is no any single day that a teacher can judge student’s learning ability through the same means for all the children. Since each child is a different being, they then portray very different learning styles. However, it is disheartening to affirm that when assessing the children who have different learning styles, that most teachers usually do not ap preciate these differences. It is worth noting that, this evaluation style usually gives out a very wrong perception on the students. In other words, this gives a very inaccurate reflection of the progress plus learning abilities of the student. What teachers should understand is that, if they know that students are usually learning differently, why are they using the same criterion of evaluation to them all?Sadly, from the time immemorial, if a certain number of students fail exams, it is noted that the whole concept will never be repeated. Teachers usually claim that they are rushing to finish the syllabus or if they repeat the same concept then his or her subject will lack behind in terms of syllabus finishing (Beatley, 2010.p. 102). It is good for finishing syllabus, however, how will that benefit students who did not understand a certain concept and they failed it in exams? Students are frequently ushered into another topic, without them understanding the previous concept. This is a clear evidence that there is no way, a student’s ability of potential can be measured by the use of exams.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay How Did Starbucks Become an Icon of America Pop Culture? â€Å"Coffee† is a high frequency word in people’s lives. Students like to read books with sunshine and a cup of coffee. Professors like to walk into their classrooms to start their first class with cups of coffee in hand. People usually drink coffee with their breakfast. Most fast food breakfast meals, such as McDonald’s, include a cup of coffee. A cup of coffee in the morning can give people an energetic and fresh day. â€Å"Americans really do like coffee. † This saying comes from a video called The History of Coffee Culture in America. Coffee culture is profound in America. Most American people love coffee not only because coffee culture is popular and cool, but also because it tastes good. Americans already had adapted well to let coffee become a part of their lives. When the topic comes to coffee, people always think of Starbucks because it is different from other coffee stores. It has customized service, superior taste, a wide range of options, and unique packaging and ideals. As time goes on, Starbucks more and more approaches people’s lives and becomes an important part of the coffee culture in America, even in the whole world. Now, the Starbucks brand has become a part of pop culture in this 2 wang century. It uses a superior product, unique principles and attractive designs to make an ordinary coffee shop become special and exceptional. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world (Starbucks). It had 10,924 stores in the United States in 2012, and the company has been expanding and growing quickly in the two years since (Starbucks Company Statistics). The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971, by three partners who met while they were students (Starbucks). People always think the Starbucks green logo is Heather Graham holding up two striped bass, but the symbol actually means obsession, addiction and death. People may not realize that the woman in their green label with twin fishtails is a siren from Greek mythology. She was chosen as the logo because Starbucks was looking for a nautical theme to capture the spirit of Seattle (7 Horrifying). Maybe people will ask, then why is Starbucks called â€Å"Starbucks†? The name â€Å"Starbucks† is not picked randomly by the originator, it actually means a lot. It is nothing to do with the logo and product. Actually â€Å"Starbucks† is a person’s name. In a famous novel called Moby Dick, the whaler â€Å"Pequod† has a first-mate who loves coffee very much. His name is Starbucks. The book Pour Your Heart Into It-How Starbucks Built A Company One Cup at a Time is written by Howard Schultz. He is Starbucks’ chairman. He thought the name â€Å"Starbucks† reminds people of the sea adventure stories and histories about coffee merchant travel around the world to find high quality coffee beans (Dori Jones Yang). The originators actually expected a lot from this name and this company from the beginning. 3 wang. Thefirstandalsothemostimportanttraitforasuccessfulbusinessisasuperior product. They are committed to buying and serving high-quality coffee to keep the pure taste. Starbucks’ coffee beans mainly come from Costa Rica and Asia. They have strict management system to control the quality of coffee beans and other products. That is why Starbucks can keep purity of their coffee (Starbucks). GreatvarietyisanotherreasonpeoplepreferStarbucks. Ithastonsofflavorsof coffees. They also have a secret menu, which not a lot of people know. People also can design their own coffee in Starbucks App. Starbucks also has special coffee for each season even special events, such as pumpkin flavor drinks for Halloween. â€Å"Starbucks up to now is not just a coffee maker. It actually only makes coffee-flavored drinks,† a Starbucks’ marketing manager said in a promotion video. They are professionals at making coffee drinks, and firstly they have to learn how to make it right. Legend is one of the originators; he went to Italy-the birth of coffee-to visit for a few months before they started the business. Starbucksalsohaveauniqueideaabouthowtosealcoffeethathascreativenew practices around the country. They uses Italian words for the cup size such as â€Å"Grande† for medium, not only to demonstrate that they are professional, but also to give people a feeling that it is cool and fashionable. Even though people do not think â€Å"Grande† can prove this coffee store is professional, it will still give people a feeling that they are special. Starbucks does not give much advance publicity, and they do not have a lot of 4 wang posters, but the few posters they have are concise and specific. The main idea of the poster is to express that coffee is equal to energy. The â€Å"Morning† set of posters tells people they need caffeine to make the day full of energy. An energetic day sounds attractive, so Starbucks’ use of people’s desire to have â€Å"an energetic day† encourages people to buy coffee. Starbucks also has another feature. They are not the same as other coffee stores, which encourage people to drink slowly and enjoy the coffee. On the contrary, they make â€Å"fast coffee. † Starbucks has a drive-thru, which is the principle for fast food. Fast coffee attracts different customer groups than other coffee stores. â€Å"Fast coffee† is more suitable for office workers, administrative workers, students, teachers, etc. who are adapting to the fast paced life. They are not poor and they do not have time to sit down and enjoy coffee in the coffee store, so Starbucks is absolutely suitable for them. These kinds of customers account for the vast majority of people. The totally different principles make Starbucks become a totally different coffee store, standing out and becoming a leader of the whole coffee market. The huge customer base makes Starbucks become a part of the coffee culture, not a small coffee company any more. The huge customer group also gives this logo special definition, which is fashionable and cool. People have group psychology, which means people usually are interested in the activities that other people are doing. For example, if 90% of one’s friends like to eat â€Å"pepperoni pizza† for lunch, then that person must want to try it, unless he/she hates pizza. The Starbucks image is another feature. Not a lot of coffee stores write the 5 wang customer’s name on their cup. That is interesting and makes the customer feel special. Starbucks’ special management philosophy and principle make it special enough to make people talk about it and want to become a part of pop culture, too. Thereisanoldsentence,â€Å"Firstimpressionsareveryimportant. †Thedesignand appearance are the first impression that Starbucks gives to customers. So the attractive design is also an important reason why Starbucks has become a part of pop culture in this century. The first important design is the logo, which is the â€Å"enchantress† from the Greek mythology. It gives customers a feeling of mystery, pretty and decorative. The outstanding logo makes their products attractive. Starbucks sells their â€Å"Starbucks China Cups† for not a low price, but still a lot of people want to buy it. The main reason is they are pretty, and people do not think cups with a Starbucks’ logo are ugly. The second reason, of course, people think Starbucks is cool and popular. It is a symbol of fashion. A wide range of options and attractive design makes Starbucks products become more and more welcome. Not only the pretty logo and the products, the gift card is another highlight of attractive design. Most big companies or stores have their own special gift card, but Starbucks has many. They have tons of different design gift cards each year, for different seasons, special festivals, birthdays, birth and graduates. Their pretty designs and special meaning made them popular. Starbucks is popular,but customershave topay forit. Starbucks’ averageprice for coffee ruled higher than other coffee stores. A tall latte in Starbucks is $3. 00 without tax. 6 wang In McDonald’s it is only $1. 99, and in Dunkin Donuts it is only $1. 69 (Yahoo Answers). Thus it can be seen that Starbucks goes far beyond the average price. If people want to enjoy high quality coffee or catch up with fashions, people have to pay more money. Different company usually has different consumer orientation. High-level consumer group usually do not care about a few dollars. They only care about the quality and how easy and fast it is. Actually that group of people is in the minority. Most people care about a few dollars, especially people who loves coffee. Spend few more dollars on each cup of coffee is actually a huge number of money. People have to face a trade-off. Want to catch up with fashions or improve the status? Then pay more money first. NoonecandenythepopularityofStarbucks. Itusesitsspecialdesigntocatch customers’ eyes, such as their representative logo and their special design cups. Then they use excellent products and unique taste to keep customers coming back. Finally uses people’s group psychology and the strong principle to make themselves to became a part of popular culture, not only a coffee shop. Now, Starbucks is a trend. It is expensive, but still a lot people chase after it. Work Cited Coffee Culture. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Sept. 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. 7 wang Curtasu, Matei. Starbucks Good Morning! Good Morning! Behance. Behance, 11 July 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. Starbucks Company Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. Starbucks Company Statistics, 12 Aug. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Starbucks Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Sept. 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. The History of Coffee Culture in America. History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. Why is Starbucks coffee so expensive? Coffee isnt worth five bucks! Blinkie dot org. 5 Nov. 2012. Blinkie dot org. 30 Apr. 2014 Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. 7 Horrifying Historical Origins of Famous Corporate Logos. Cracked. com. Cracked, 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.

Case Study On Marketing With Facebook

Case Study On Marketing With Facebook 1. Introduction What makes Facebook so successful and why it is used by all companies today for marketing? These are the two questions are going to be answered in this paper. There are other social networks available like Friendster, Orkut, Myspace etc. still Facebook is preferred due to the number of users using Facebook, amount of customization provided and peer pressure to stay in competitive in the market. With more than 500 million users and many adding many more adding every day, Facebook has become the preferred choice of marketers who are looking for more innovative ways to outsmart their rivals in all fronts. Mark Zuckerberg is the founder of Facebook and it was started in 2004. It was open to all users worldwide in 2006 and it has grown in such a speed that if Facebook was a country it would have been 6th most populated country in the world. According to marketingcharts.com, US market share of Facebook in Social networking websites and forum is 61% of the total market share is for Facebook. 1.1 What is Facebook? Facebook is a social networking site which was started in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg. It has 500 million active users. Any person who is 13 years old or more and who have a valid email address can create a user profile in Facebook. Users can create a profile page, add others users in Facebook, can add their common interest groups, communicate with each other, can share photos etc, see news feed, applications etc. According to December 2010 report of Alexa.com an Internet market research company, Facebook is the second most visited website in the world just behind Google. To visit Facebook visit the link www.facebook.com and it looks as shown below. 1.2 Introducing Facebook Marketing to Business The question all the companies ask is how it will help them. What will be ROI on investing in Facebook for marketing? Anyone can create a Facebook page, but an official representative of a business can create a Page and can serve it as an admin to the page. Admin can have security given to the Page like approval needed by admin to join the page or denying permission for user from a particular demographic region. Pages are designed to provide basic information of the page and can have discussion boards, ability to comment by user assessing the page and also uploading user generated contents. Benefits for Business to Consumer marketers are that they can use this page to generate more interests in their customers. B2C were the first marketers to realize the potential of using Facebook for marketing as they can use this page to generate interests in their new products, or generating news feed using user participation which allowed them to generate more participation and also word mouth to increase their popularity. It also allowed company to improve companys search engine rankings. Benefits for Business to Business Marketers are using Facebook as a feedback loop where customer can ask any questions or can participate in appreciating a product which will help to leveraging new customers. It can also used by Big companies to share knowledge and help employee communication. To create a Page in Facebook Page, go to http://www.facebook.com/pages and give the necessary details required. 2. Using Facebook in business 2.1 Creating a Page for Business Before you can start marketing in Facebook, you need to be part of Facebook user community. It gives lot of opportunities to organizations to get exposure. In Facebook, your ability to connect and influence the users can be the main factor in success or failure in achieving your objectives. Unlike other marketing fronts, marketing with Facebook is a 2 way model where customer and companies can communicate and share the ideas. You can create an account in Facebook by going to the home page of Facebook which is www.facebook.com. When creating a Page in Facebook main thing to note will be what is the objective of the page and how can you achieve your objective. Facebook doesnt limit the number of users who can become fan of your page. To access a page, the users must become fan of the page. It is a term used by Facebook for the users to connect to a particular page. 2.2 Creating a Facebook Marketing Strategy First step for creating a Marketing Strategy would be to have a nice Facebook page. Facebook pages come in three categories. Local: These pages are for business that would benefit from a strong local market presence. A restaurant or a cafà © can be example for the same. Brand, Product or Organization: These pages are for larger businesses which can include also non-profit organization. Example for the same would be SAP, Versace, and Red Cross etc. Artist, Band or Public Figure: These pages are used by popular artist or celebrities. Barack Obama and Kraftwerk can be good examples for the same. The best way to create a good Facebook page would be to keep some points in mind like keep it simple, fresh, specific to the product or company and main would be to think about the fan base. If these points are considered thought fully we can create a very good page. Please see an example of a page. This is a Facebook page of Nike football Deutsch. You can create a page by going on the link http://www.facebook.com/pages and once created we can start with customizing of the page. Apart from some basic element we can customize Facebook according to our liking. There are many tabs which are present in your page like wall tab where users can comment on your page, Info tab is used to give information about the company, and other tabs can be used according to companies requirement. For example we can have event tab where we can show upcoming event of the company or products, some other tabs are videos tab and photos tab. You can also have applications in your tab. We can have discussion tab for users to use effectively communicate about our existing product or upcoming products. Once we have created a page, next step would be to think about the privacy. We can have different privacy ranging from limiting users from a certain demographic area to limiting users based on age group. 2.3 Advertising your Facebook page Now that we have created a page, we need to advertise our page. We need to have more user interaction in our page that gets noticed. There are many ways to promote our page in a smart way. The following are the smart ways to promote. Adding Application One of the ways is to add application to our page. We can do by posting in our wall and also in the news feed of users who are there in your page. Facebook has different apps for different categories like Business, Entertainment, and Sports etc. Posting information We can post some link of the company newsletter or blogs which are interesting news about your company or business. Commenting on Discussion tab By commenting to members discussion or your page shows that you are engaged in the feedback and this adds value to the discussion. This will make your customers more eager to discuss various things and will show your transparency. When a user become fan of our page, it is shown on their wall and can be seen by others who have not seen your page and this can help in promoting your page indirectly and this can be effective as this can be a way for endorsement of our product or business. 3. Strategies for Advertising Success There are different ways to advertise in Facebook. Some of the key strategies are as follows. Our marketing strategy should be based on following objectives like Building brand awareness, Increasing Sales, and active participating in discussions with the customers. 3.1 Different Advertisement Strategies Building brand awareness A brand is something how you define your business or product. It is a major factor in defining marketing goals which can help in creating more brand awareness in our existing and potential customers. Here you can discuss with your customers to know about customer needs. You can promote about your presence in Facebook by using your company website or using printed newsletter. You can also sent email to people who are not in Facebook about your page. Increase Sales Main aim of advertising is increasing sales. Facebook page can be used to promote various offers and discount in your products. You can have a link in Facebook which will lead the customers to your company website where they can read more about special offers and various things about your brand. Facebook Marketplace can also be a nice place to advertise if your products are tangible goods. You can have some exclusive events to Facebook customers using events tab. This way you can show them you are taking the Facebook customer seriously and it can also increase the fans for your page. Participating in discussion You can discussion with your customers from your page. There is a discussion tab which can be used for many things. We can use these results when we are thinking about launching a new product. Facebook ads are like online banner ads. But here when a user clicks on the ad it will redirect them into your page, Facebook ads are made of image, some information and a title. Ads on Facebook are purchased with pay for clicks (CPC) and pay for impression (CPM). You can buy Facebook ads by going on the link www.facebook.com/advertising. If you go to the link you can make the advertisement. You can have your specification listed like what demographic region you are targeting and other specifications are needed and then Facebook will calculate the cost for the advertisement. Below is the way how you can create an advertisement on Facebook. Next step in advertising on Facebook is deciding on the budget you want to spend on advertising. For example, a Blog will cost nothing, a podcast can cost around $2000 but for advertising using Facebook is free unless you add some apps or have dedicated advertising created using Facebook advertising. The real cost of creating a steady stream of content in your website which has to be managed. 3.2 Buying and Selling in Facebook Marketplace This is a free service from Facebook where you can buy and sell products. Here users can have classified ads for the following category like For Sale, Housing, Jobs, Rentals etc. We can access this website from the link www.facebook.com/marketplace which is as shown below. Here we can sell anything which is advertising our Tangible goods. This can be a good way for selling goods as this is free service and we dont need to spend any money on the same. So whatever goods sold in this way can be added to our profit. 4. Facebook Viral Marketing Facebook Apps have become the most important tool for the marketers. There are more than 52000 apps in Facebook according to Facebooks Statistics. Facebook apps are the software application that we can integrate in our Facebook page or profile which can add a unique personality to our page. We can either create our own apps or we can use other apps. There are many apps which is available for free and also we can have a pay per install model. In this model we need to pay when a user installs the apps. To see the list of apps go to the link www.facebook.com/apps/directory.php which can seen as below. There are different categories of apps available and we can select apps according to our needs. 4.1 What is Viral Marketing? Viral Marketing means how your marketing suddenly gets popular among the customers. The sudden rise in popularity of your brand can be termed as viral. When you offer good incentives, customers get excited and through word of mouth your brand will get popular. 4.2 Different ways to promote Facebook Viral Marketing The main aim of viral marketing is to create more brand awareness and to increase sales. Keeping this in mind, we can have Contest, free gift etc. In the end we can have more customers visiting our Facebook page and also can visit our company website. We can have the following things keep in mind while making the promotional contest. Keep it simple Keep the competition simple. Dont try to put complicated rules. If the competition is simple more users will try the contest. Offer an exciting price Customers are always excited when the price you give is nice. Better the gifts more customers will try the contest. Price neednt have to be pricey. We need to think about giving some unique prices like pre event party tickets, meeting a celebrity or putting the winner in companys new advertisement. Use existing fan base Getting noticed with a promotional event is the hardest part in Facebook contest. You need to promote this event using your company website or through the Facebook pages wall etc. Run the promotional event for a month The promotional event should run for at least a few weeks up to a month. We need time for word of mouth advertising. The more time we keep the promotional event active more users will check the event. But it also has some drawbacks like it shouldnt be running for more time as it can also have a negative feedback from the customer as they might think we are not updating our Facebook page regularly. Integrate it with media campaign This is the most important part for making the event successful. We need to promote the event on our company website and other mediums through which we do our advertising. In this way we can have more users using this event and we will also generate a viral effect. We can use Facebook ads to promote our event which can be visible by larger audience and we can be sure of the event turning out to be a large success. There were many companies who tried to use this promotional event for getting popularity increased. The best example for the same is recent promotional campaign launched by Burger King. In this campaign they asked all the users to delete 10 friends from their friend list to get a free whopper burger from Burger King. This promotional event became so popular that they had to shut down the event. These are just examples which show that you dont need to spend high money or give away cost prices to attract more people. We can use surveys to collect statistics for market research. This can be done in Facebook and it will also be more cost effective and accurate than the normal way to data gathering. There are many free Facebook apps available for survey like Polls, Daily experience survey, YouGov etc. We can use these survey apps integrate into our page and can be used effectively to know more about what customer thinks about our brand and can interact with them directly to find more ideas for improvement. Below is one of the example of how survey application look like. We need to join this application to add this to our page. You can use Facebook connect to have broader reach of the viral marketing to Third-party websites, devices or applications. Facebook connect was launched in December 2008 and since then more than 15000 websites, application and devices have implemented it successfully. Facebook connect is a feature through which you can extend your Facebook platform to other websites and ask Facebook users to use their login of Facebook to connect to that Facebook- Connect enabled website. The best of Facebook Connect is that it is free of cost. The main feature of Facebook Connect is that using this facility, Facebook users can interact on other websites which will be reflected in the Facebook. The best part of Facebook Connect is that it eliminates the users from registering to a new website for accessing them. This makes users more convenient to surf your websites, blogs etc. For example, if you want to upload or wanted to comment in CNN.com previously it was necessary to have a username and password but now using the Facebook connect facility users doesnt need to have a registered account with CNN. If you have a Facebook account you can directly access the website by giving your Facebook account details which is shown as below. To integrate this Facebook connect feature to a website, we must register and receive an API (Application Programming Interface) key via Facebook Developer Apps page. To get more insights of Facebook Connect visit the following link http://developers.facebook.com/docs/guides/web. It is free to register for a Facebook API key. Once we have the API Key, we can create a Facebook app and configure it to point it our website. This is termed by Facebook as Callback URL field. The above mentioned features are mainly responsible for creating Viral marketing of our brand. This if done properly can surge our sales to amazing levels. 5. Social Media Optimization (SMO) In the last couple of years search engine has become an important tool for online business but these days Social media optimization (SMO) has become most popular techniques to promote products and services in the market by the mediums of various social media book markings and Facebook has provided a unique and new medium for the marketer to innovate and reduce their cost of advertising. Search engine optimization techniques can be broadly classified into two Categories into two which are on-page optimization and off-page optimization; these techniques are very helpful for improving traffics for a website. Some point should be included in social media optimization Know how to target your audience create content create a SMO strategy Book marking and tagging Increase your link ability SMO should be a continuous process 6. Advantages of using Facebook in Business Facebook platform has turned out to be one of the most powerful platforms for business since the invention of Adwords by Google. Below are the key benefits of using Facebook. More Activities in our Facebook page can work as a SEO for search engine Any users in Facebook can find about our brand with the help of Facebook page. Marketing is not limited to a demographic region in Facebook Attracts more Clients Run promotional events for Fans Can Sync our company website to our Facebook Blog Can deal with unsatisfied customer more conveniently 7. Conclusion As we can see marketing with Facebook can never be termed as highly complex thing. It is simple and easy way to attract more customers in this modern competitive world where competitors are constantly trying to outsmart their rivals to gain more market share. Creating a Facebook page is a free and easy way to increase your visibility of your brand. Using different techniques like Events, Facebook Ads, Promotion, Discussions and all a company can increase their reach globally. There are more than 500 million of users and to advertise to these users using old marketing way of TV, Radio and all can be very expensive. So this is a cost effective and latest way to improve your Sales using the latest technology trend which is Facebook.

Influence of Capitalism on Current Food Regime

Influence of Capitalism on Current Food Regime Introduction The structure of Capitalism may have been existed during the first food regime and leading up to the second food regimes but implicitly refrained from exposure to the rise of nation state system. Peasant farming and agrarian system of development might be seen as a form of capitalism in the first food regime period as cultivation and farming of land are restricted to only certain localities particularly common in the European countries. For instance, Jarosz, (2009) states that agrarian form of development was only common in Europe during the mid-nineteen centuries. Towards the end of the second food regimes, the form of capitalism structure developed through rules and regulations which governed production and consumption of foods worldwide. A discursive definition of food regimes which capitalism ideology is embedded within. According to Bernstein, (2015: 3), eight element of the three food regimes were analysed and identified as the international state system, the division of labour and patterns of trade, the rules and legitimacy of different food regimes, the relationship between agriculture and industries, the technical and environmental change in farming systems and procedures, the dominant form of capital and their modalities of accumulation, social force, tension and contradiction of specific food regime and transition between food regimes. Capitalism structure has emerged perceptibly towards the third regime. This essay will outline the following two ideas as to why influence of capitalism may be a trigger to food crises experience in different parts of the world. It will begin with the discussion on the effect of the rules and regulations on world food development in relation to uneven geography, moving on to the rivalry in technology and food production particularly to safe guarding domestic markets, and then it will give a personal responses on the influence of capitalism on the current food regime and end with summary conclusion. Effects of rules and regulations on current world food development The current food regime periods is dominated by the international rules and regulation in relations to the international organizations such as World Trade Organization (WTO), World Food Program (WFP) and Food Agriculture Organization. These policies are dominated by industrialized countries who have advance technologies in producing large quantity of foods. When comparing the second food regime with the current regime (third food regime), it is evident that during that period (second food regime), rules and regulations imposed are sort of more lessen, allowing for respect for free international markets and free enterprise, also allow for easy market channel on food distribution. The governing premises during the second food regime allowed free flow of scientific and crop information, more state control system resulted in low priority for national self reliance. According to, Bernstein (2015: 10), capitalism became more visible during the third food regime which provided ground for political dynamics and arrangement in the international state system. National and international rules and regulations on food productions and distribution emerged and social movements were formed to defend their space and place in national and international markets. The effects has rippled into the current regimes and underpinned by international capitalism power of industrialized countries such as USA and UK, followed by other countries such as Japan and other developed nations and now globally. It can be said that, this is globalization. International regulations on food production and distribution were not adhered by certain countries due to high cost of production as fossil fuel price increases. This has put more pressure on developing countries who depend entirely on food products from these developed industrial countries. For instance, according to Jarosz, (2009), as the oil price increase, food price increases result in food crises. There are no clear rules and regulation to regulate free markets and trades so that food price may be control to avoid continues food crises. The rivalry of technology and food production to Safe guarding domestic markets. The ideology of competing in food production technology also restricted free flow of scientific information sharing and result in the retrenchment of the production of food. The accumulation of capitalism during the third regime and continue to increase today has prodded the trigger for more protection of domestic markets, and restriction on the flow of information on the production technology is seen as a priority for powerful countries. Jarosz (2009), pointed out that during this period, more emphasizes is put on technology to increase the application of synthetic fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides to enhance water management and plant breeding aimed at increased yields. The accumulation of competition in the production of foods and other goods and trades in the world market between industrialized countries has seen as an ignorance to stabilise food distributions to unprivileged parts of the world, particularly the Global South countries. The rivalry in production technology was affected by a more recent regime embedded within the third regime, a green environmental regime (green revolution) ideology bulged as pressure from the climate, financial and fuel crises accumulated through social movements. Social movements were formed and underpinned by countries who are affected by climate change crises mainly the third world or developing countries that continued to push for reduction on fossil fuel consumption. Even though measures were taken to addresses food distributions through establishment of institutions such as World Food Program (WFP) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and climate change issues addressed through earth summits, food cris es still remain a dilemma for developing countries. Personal Responses on the Influence of capitalism on current food crises. I will give my personal view on influences of capitalism on current food regimes (environmental regimes). The trend in the governance of different food regimes has shifted very rapidly as economic power base of industrialized countries accumulated due to increase population growth. During decolonization periods, the rise of state- system may have triggered farmers to hold on to their farms, a capitalism paradigm. Capitalism system started to emerge imperceptibly during the second food regime, due to free international market and free enterprise, and free flow of scientific and crop information. This scenario of free markets and information has foretold the future of food distribution and consumption of industrialized countries to be more aware of their domestic markets for local consumptions. Protection of niche market of products became a priority and allowing surplus of food products to be forced into international markets. The ownership of the means of food production particularly, has explicitly spread worldwide and the rules and regulations governing the means of production has become a barricade for free market and trades. I see this as a counter reserved to food distributions compared to the second food regime periods. The international and national policies on food trades are becoming more complicated as private individual and corporations competed to safe guard their space in the international market domain for profitable return on their products. Furthermore, looking at developing world, capitalism system has imprinted a more essence of division between the rich and the poor, in terms of food productions and consumption rate. If the state systems of developing countries do not function properly in terms of safe guarding its people from the influence of capitalism, this triggered food crises as recently experienced in Venezuela and Yemen. Conclusion (summary) In conclusion, capitalism system has change the way humans occupied space and places. Monetary ideology is dominating how people behaviour from individual to international corporations. The governance power based on strict rules and regulations developed through each food regimes has shifted the state -system of unification which knowledge, skills and free market are shaded to a more imperceptible one which are more restricted. For example, policy to set tariffs and restriction in order to protect domestic industries in powerful countries (Jarosz, 2009). This essay has discussed two features of capitalism, namely the governance (rules and regulations) during food regimes periods and the protectionism of production technology in International Food Corporation dominated by powerful countries which leads to rivalry or competition in technology on production. It is argued that rules and regulations set by industrialized countries or international organizations in order to control food productions and prices has adversely impacted the way food is distributed and accessibility to the developing world. Food crisis continued to hit parts of the world such as the current food crisis in Venezuela and Yemen. Protectionism of production technology by industrial countries does not allow for free flow of information limiting knowledge and skill transfers to other countries. Competition in producing goods and services has resulted in more competitive markets and increase in prices of goods. For smaller island nations or developing countries to compete in international markets with big players such as USA, UK, Japan and other industrialized countries is beyond their capacities in terms of resources. References Bernstein, H. (2015). Food Regimes and Food Regime Analysis: A Selective Survey. Campbell, H., Evans, D., Murcott, A. (2017). Measurability, austerity and edibility: Introducing waste into food regime theory. Journal of Rural Studies, 51, 168-177. Friedmann, H. (1993). The political economy of food: a global crisis. New left review, (197), 29. Friedmann, H. (2005). From colonialism to green capitalism: Social movements and emergence of food regimes. In New directions in the sociology of global development (pp. 227-264). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Holt Gimà ©nez, E., Shattuck, A. (2011). Food crises, food regimes and food movements: rumblings of reform or tides of transformation? The Journal of peasant studies, 38(1), 109-144.

Rwanda: Genocide and Refugee Crisis Essay -- History Genocide Murder H

"How can I ever forget the scene where my husband was massacred right in my presence. It was a nightmare. It was a nightmare. I live through it every day and it is engraved forever in my memory.† During one April, not so long ago, the world sat back and watched as a turbulent political situation in central Africa turned into something the world will never be able to forget. 800,000 people murdered in just 100 days, 800,000 people needlessly slaughtered at the hands of extremists, 800,000 men, women, and children gone because of a more serious problem rooted in social prejudice and inequality, 800,000 killed in a genocide that the world could do nothing about until it was too late. Almost 50 years after the world pledged to never let anything like the holocaust occur again, the world had to watch as a genocide unfolded in Rwanda. Between April of 1994 and July of 1994 some 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were systematically killed as Rwanda fell into political despair and turmoil, leaving millions more as refugees struggling to put their lives back together in the aftermath of such horrific violence. The large number of people forced to flee the violence in 1994 not onl y created a massive refugee population in the surrounding countries of Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, and Uganda, but the number of refugees within what is known as the Great Lakes region continue to cause political turmoil even today, almost eleven years after the genocide. This paper will focus specifically on the Rwandan refugees and their plight during the last ten years as a result of the genocide. In order to understand the reasons why the genocide occurred and created this refugee population the first section will give a brief overview to the poli... ...r Crossings: Return of Refugees, Identity, and Reconstruction in Rwanda." African Studies Review (1998): 17-28. <http://www.jstor.org>. Klinghoffer, Arthur J. The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York UP, 1998. Pottier, Johan. "Relief and Repatriation: Views by Rwandan Refugees; Lessons for Humanitarian Aid Workers." African Affairs (1996): 403-429. <http://www.jstor.org>. Smith, Charles D. "The Geopolitics of Rwandan Resettlement: Uganda and Tanzania." Issue: A Journal of Opinion (1995): 54-57. <http://www.jstor.org>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World's Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Waters, Tony. "Tutsi Social Identity in Contemporary Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies (1995): 343-347. <http://www.jstor.org>. Rwanda: Genocide and Refugee Crisis Essay -- History Genocide Murder H "How can I ever forget the scene where my husband was massacred right in my presence. It was a nightmare. It was a nightmare. I live through it every day and it is engraved forever in my memory.† During one April, not so long ago, the world sat back and watched as a turbulent political situation in central Africa turned into something the world will never be able to forget. 800,000 people murdered in just 100 days, 800,000 people needlessly slaughtered at the hands of extremists, 800,000 men, women, and children gone because of a more serious problem rooted in social prejudice and inequality, 800,000 killed in a genocide that the world could do nothing about until it was too late. Almost 50 years after the world pledged to never let anything like the holocaust occur again, the world had to watch as a genocide unfolded in Rwanda. Between April of 1994 and July of 1994 some 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were systematically killed as Rwanda fell into political despair and turmoil, leaving millions more as refugees struggling to put their lives back together in the aftermath of such horrific violence. The large number of people forced to flee the violence in 1994 not onl y created a massive refugee population in the surrounding countries of Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, and Uganda, but the number of refugees within what is known as the Great Lakes region continue to cause political turmoil even today, almost eleven years after the genocide. This paper will focus specifically on the Rwandan refugees and their plight during the last ten years as a result of the genocide. In order to understand the reasons why the genocide occurred and created this refugee population the first section will give a brief overview to the poli... ...r Crossings: Return of Refugees, Identity, and Reconstruction in Rwanda." African Studies Review (1998): 17-28. <http://www.jstor.org>. Klinghoffer, Arthur J. The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York UP, 1998. Pottier, Johan. "Relief and Repatriation: Views by Rwandan Refugees; Lessons for Humanitarian Aid Workers." African Affairs (1996): 403-429. <http://www.jstor.org>. Smith, Charles D. "The Geopolitics of Rwandan Resettlement: Uganda and Tanzania." Issue: A Journal of Opinion (1995): 54-57. <http://www.jstor.org>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World's Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Waters, Tony. "Tutsi Social Identity in Contemporary Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies (1995): 343-347. <http://www.jstor.org>.

Activity Based Costing Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Activity Based Costing (ABC) addresses internal operating concerns and is an augmentation to the traditional cost management system. It is not a replacement for traditional accounting, but makes use of the source documents provided from standard job costing systems. ABC looks at a business unità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s events as cost drivers and assigns all company resources and accumulated costs against those events in a time-phased sequence. Revenue tracking provides management with a different point of view on the profitability of products and services, providing insight into pricing. Middle management and technical performing organizations are involved in the line item reporting provided within the ABC system, enabling management to achieve more responsibility of reported information throughout all levels of the organization. ABC is being ostensible by the accounting industry as the wave of the future and is gaining broad acceptance within larger organizations. This system is intended to provide performing entities and management alike. History of ABC Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an approach to costing that considers the resources consumed by activities in order to create and deliver a product or service. It evolved in the mid-1980s to improve the allocation of manufacturing overhead costs to products, but it soon became apparent that activity-based costing systems could be expanded to include non-manufacturing costs (Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton, 2004). Review of ABC Whereas the underlying assumption of a conventional costing system is simply that products cause costs, an activity based costing system assumes that cost objects (e.g. juice) creates the demand for activities (e.g. manufacturing), which in turn causes resources to be consumed (e.g. manufacturing time, outlet space, etc.) and causes costs. Cost objects are the reason for performing activities, and activities are the processes or procedures that cause work and create costs. ABC analyses costs from the perception of the how much a particular activity costs, and the amount of resources consumed by the end product of the activity. Using activity based costing differs from traditional cost accounting in that the focus is on the activities that are required to produce an end product, rather than assuming that the volume of the end product is the only driver of costs. A cost driver is ... ... operations Problems with ABC While activity-based costing may yield more detailed product cost estimates, it must pass a cost benefit test before being implemented. Activity-based costing requires a much more detailed breakdown of costs into activities that cause costs. This can be a complex task involving the teamwork of management, production, accounting, purchasing, marketing and many others. A company should implement ABC only if it thinks the benefit from improved management decisions will outweigh the cost of establishing and maintaining the new cost system. Furthermore, there might be underestimation of the task of collecting activity driver data, and the implementation of this system may be considered a financial management which might cause insufficient commitment from operational managers. We should use activity-based costing if we find the benefits from the new system exceed its costs. REFERENCE 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Innes, J & Mitchell, F. (1991), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Activity Based Cost Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, CIMA 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smith, K.L., Thorne, H., Hilton, R.W., (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Management Accounting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an Australian perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill

A Group of Investors

Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company.In order to decide whether Arundel can make money buying movie sequel rights depends on whether the net present value of the production company's movies is higher than the estimated 2M per film required to purchase the rights. 1. Why do the principals of Arundel Partners think they can make money buying movie sequel rights? 2. Why do the partners want to bu y a portfolio of rights in advance rather than negotiating film-by-film to buy them? 3. Estimate the per-film value of a portfolio of sequel rights such as Arundel proposes to buy. You may use all or parts of Exhibits 6 to 9.You may also find it helpful to consult the Appendix that explains how these numbers were prepared. Assume an annual discount rate of 12% for risky film cash flows, and a risk-free rate of 6%. a) First, simply compute the value of the portfolio (i. e. at the time Arundel pays for the rights) using the traditional NPV approach, ignoring embedded options. Based on this method, how much should Arundel be willing to pay per sequel right? As can be seen in exhibit to solution 2, we have estimated the per-film value of each production company.MCA Universal, Warner Brothers and Walt Disney Co are the only production companies that provide a positive per film value, with values of 9. 89, 1. 92, 12. 56 million respectively. This value is calculated by dividing the net pr esent value of all the movies by the total number of movies. We also calculated the average value of each production company based upon their share of the total number of movies produced. The companies with positive values were MCA Universal, Warner Brothers and Walt Disney Co is also the only production companies that provide a positive per film value, with values of 1. 0, 0. 37, 1. 40 million respectively. These values are based on the average value per film multiplied by the companyæŠ ¯ average share of the industry. b) Second, modify the NPV approach to account for the embedded option(s), explaining the nature of the option(s) you focus on. What is the implied value per right? 4. What problems or disagreements would you expect Arundel and a major studio to encounter in the course of a relationship like that described in the case? What contractual terms and provisions should Arundel insist on?

Consider the business model Essay

The easiest way to start a design is to consider the business model that you sat down with when starting these designs. You now need to recreate that structure in Active Directory using Organizational Units as the building blocks. Create a complete Organizational Unit structure that exactly mirrors your business model as represented by that domain. In other words, if the domain you are designing is the Finance domain, implement the finance organizational structure within the Finance domain. You don’t create the entire organization’s business model within each Organizational Unit; you create only the part of the model that would actually apply to that Organizational Unit. Draw this structure out on a piece of paper. Figure 8-3 shows the Organizational Unit structure of mycorp.com’s domain. We’ve expanded only the Finance Organizational Unit here for the example. Figure 8-3. The Mycorp domain’s internal Organizational Unit structure Once you have drawn an Organizational Unit structure as a template for your Active Directory hierarchy within the domain, you can begin to tailor it to your specific requirements. The easiest way to tailor the initial Organizational Unit design is to consider the hierarchy that you wish to create for your delegation of administration. Two Tier Hierarchies A two tier hierarchy is a design that meets most company’s needs. In some ways it is a compromise between the one and Three Tier hierarchies. In this design there is a Root CA that is offline, and a subordinate issuing CA that is online. The level of security is increased because the Root CA and Issuing CA roles are separated. But more importantly the Root CA is offline, and so the private key of the Root CA is better protected from compromise. It also increases scalability and flexibility. This is due to the fact that there can be multiple Issuing CA’s that are subordinate to the Root CA. This allows you to have CA’s in different geographical location, as well as with different security levels. Manageability is slightly increased since the  Root CA has to be brought online to sign CRL’s. Cost is increased marginally. Marginally speaking, because all you need is a hard drive and Windows OS license to implement an Offline Root. Install the hard drive, install your OS, build your PKI hierarchy, and then remove the hard drive and store it in a safe. The hard drive can be attached to existing hardware when CRLs need to be re-signed. A virtual machine could be used as the Root CA, although you would still want to store it on a separate hard drive that can be stored in a safe. Three Tier Hierarchies Specifically the difference between a Two Tier Hierarchy is that second tier is placed between the Root CA and the issuing CA. The placement of this CA can be for a couple different reasons. The first reason would be to use the second tier CA as a Policy CA. In other words the Policy CA is configured to issue certificates to the Issuing CA that is restricted in what type of certificates it issues. The Policy CA can also just be used as an administrative boundary. In other words, you only issue certain certificates from subordinates of the Policy CA, and perform a certain level of verification before issuing certificates, but the policy is only enforced from an administrative not technical perspective. The other reason to have the second tier added is so that if you need to revoke a number of CAs due to a key compromise, you can perform it at the Second Tier level, leaving other â€Å"branches from the root† available. It should be noted that Second Tier CAs in this hierarchy can, like the Root, be kept offline. Following the paradigm, security increases with the addition of a Tier, and flexibility and scalability increase due to the increased design options. On the other hand, manageability increases as there are a larger number of CAs in the hierarchy to manage. And, of course, cost goes up.