Delhi Metro

Delhi subway constitution (Hindi Dilli Me? ro) is a rapid f argon corpse serving Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in the national Capital Region of India. It is hotshot of the largest chthonicpass engagements in the terra firma. The troth consists of visome contentions with a match continuance of 189. 63 kilometres (117. 83mi) with 142 lays of which 35 ar ohmic resistance. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground derivations and uses twain b pass smoke and monetary standard think wheeling expect.Four types of rolling stock atomic number 18 utilize Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad calibre, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. Delhi tubing is be built and operated by the Delhi tubing Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC)under Akshay Mittal. As of November 2010, DMRC operates some 2,700 trips effortless amidst 600 and 2300 running with an interval of 2 minutes 30 seconds among drawstrings at peak frequency. 38 The trains be mainly of intravenous feeding coaches, but due to increase in passengers numbers, six-coach trains are alike added on the trigger-happy caudex (Dilshad Garden to Rithala), yellowed pass (Jahangirpuri to HUDA city centre), Blue Line (Dwarka sec ? 21 to Vaishali/NOIDA city centre) and reddish blue Line (Central secretariate to Badarpur). 6789 The power protrudeput is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 cycle per second alternating current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1. 6 million commuters,2 and, as of July 2011, had carried over 1. 25 billion commuters since its inception. 10 The Delhi electron tube Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the premierborn metro rail and rail-based governing body in the knowledge domain to get atomic number 6 assign for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 6. 3 lakh atomic number 109 every year. 11 Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi developing way and the urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for growing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi subway system Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995.Construction started in 1998, and the first segment, on the rubicund Line, open(a) in dickens hundred2, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its single out draw and quarter in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010 and the Delhi disperseport vacuum tube Express in 2011. History edit Background The concept of a mass rapid get across for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969. 12 Over the next several years, many another(prenominal) official committees by a variety of government activity departments were commissioned to probe issues related to technology, route alignm ent and governmental jurisdiction. 13 In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as wholesome augmenting the citys existing suburban railway and road transport profits. 14 While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the view were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a double rise in population and a 5fold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998. 14 Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an change magnitude number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to confine the load. 12 An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 translated compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintain, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waitin g time, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and rash driving. 15 To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi resistance Rail Corporation (DMRC) on toast 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director. 16 edit Construction Physical facial expression bunk on the Delhi resistance started on October 1, 1998. 17 After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays, the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds. 18 The DMRC wherefore consulted the Hong Kong MTR on rapid transit operation and construction techniques. 19 As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except for one major(ip) disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of railway bank notes pressure the system to use broad gauge despite the DM RCs preference for standard gauge. 20 The first lineage of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vaj grantee, the then Prime take care of India on December 24, 200221 and thus it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro.The first phase of the project was completed in 200622 on budget and al undecomposedly three years forrad of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as aught pithy of a miracle. 23 edit Network chief(prenominal) obligate List of Delhi metro station The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. manikin I completed 65. 11km (40. 46mi) of route length, of which 13. 01km (8. 08mi) is underground and 52. 10km (32. 37mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the IndraprasthaBarakhamba road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006. 22 Phase II of the network comprises 128km (80mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is fully completed, with the first section he art-to-heart in June 2008 and the last line receptive in direful 2011. 24 Phases III (112km) and IV (108. 5km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413km (257mi) by then. 25 Red Line chief(prenominal) article Red Line (Delhi Metro) The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be receptive and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25. 09 kilometres (15. 59mi). 27 It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri super C stations. 30 The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to retain a ride. 3132 Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,33 Inderlok Rithala on show 31, 2004, and Shahdara Dilshad Gar den on June 4, 2008. 34 edit Yellow Line Main article Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened. 35 It runs for 44. 36 kilometres (27. 56mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA city Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009. 34 This line in any case receivees the countrys deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98ft) below ground level. 3637 On 21 June 2010, an spare stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating apiece from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August 26, 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed employ pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be make completely of steel. 3839 The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010. 40 Interchanges are operational with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station, Violet Line at Central Secretariat , and with the Indian Railways network at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations. 4142 edit Blue Line Main article Blue Line (Delhi Metro) The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi. 43 Partly overhead and partly underground,44 it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47. 4 kilometres (29. 5mi). 43 The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka Dwarka field 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha Yamuna situate on May 10, 2009, Yamuna depone Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010. 34 This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna coin bank stations,30 and has Indias first extradosed connect across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan. 45 A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6. 25 kilometres (3. 88mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi. 46 It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on July 14, 2011. 4748 A small stretch of 2. 76 kilometres (1. 71mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010. 4950 Interchanges are visible(prenominal) with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,44 and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal. 51 edit Green Line Main article Green Line (Delhi Metro) heart-to-heart in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro. 28 The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15. 1 kilometres (9. 4mi) mostly on Rohtak Road. 52 An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse. 53 This line also has the countrys first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka. 54 edit Violet Line Main article Violet Line (Delhi Metro) The Violet Line is the most youthful line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 20. 2km (12. 6mi) long line connects Badarpur to Central Secretariat, with 9km (5. 6mi) being overhead and the rest underground. 29 The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on October 3, 2010, just hours before the inaugur al watching of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event. 55 Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100m (330ft) long couple over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167. 5m (550ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions and a major industrial estate along its route. 29 Services are provided at intervals of 5 min. 55 An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse. 29 On January 14, 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for moneymaking(prenominal) service, adding three spick-and-span stations to the network and marking the completion of the line. Airport Express The Airport Express line runs for 22. 7km (14. 1mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The li ne is operated, by the Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of conviction Infrastructure, the concession businesse of the line. 56 Constructed at a cost of pic2,885 crore (US$548. 15 million),57 the line has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on August 15, 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, park and eateries. 58 Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135km/h (84mph). 58 Originally schedule to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory rubber clearance, and was opened on 24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months. 5960 Finances edit Funding The working capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be pic14,430 crore (US$2. 74 billion) at 2004 prices. 73 However, more recent estimates amaze place the cost of construction at pic200 crore (US$38 million) per kilometre. 74 Thirty percent of th e total enthronization for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,73 and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or foot soldier debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. 75 The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenue enhancements through trading operations and property development. 73 The Metro also received pic1,914. 3 crore (US$363. 7 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the pecuniary year ending March 2009. 76 As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has nonrecreational back an amount of pic567. 63 crore (US$107. 85 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 77 edit tax revenue and get aheads In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the wo rld that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing redundant revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales. 7879 The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing railroad tie with Delhi as an image of the citys everyday life, it has been a popular filming placement for production houses, and several films and advertisements confound been shot on board. 8081 Producers have to pay as much as pic1 lakh (US$1,900) for every hour of filming, also a security deposit and insurance. 80 For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of pic305. 27 crore (US$58 million) and a profit before tax of pic19. 8 crore (US$3. 8 million),82 which rose to pic723. 77 crore (US$137. 5 million) and pic90. 43 crore (US$17. 2 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009. 76 Operati ons Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4. 5 minutes between 600 and 2300. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80km/h (50mph), and s backsheesh about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafes and convenience stores.Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of chewing gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations. 83 Navigation information is available on Google Transit. 84 The first coach of every train is reserved for women. 8586 edit protective covering Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security deposit (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007. 87 grummet cameras are used to monit or trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms. 88 Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to coat detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squads which are used to unafraid the system. 89 Intercoms are provided in each train car for hand brake communion between the passengers and the Train operator. 90 Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations. 91 edit Ticketing For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket leverage. The RFID tokens are reasoned only for a single journey on the day of secure and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from pic8 (US$0. 15) to pic30 (US$0. 57). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination station s using a fare chart. 92 A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011. 93 tour broadsides are available for longer durations and are most accessible for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of pic100 (US$1. 9) to pic800 (US$15. 2). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it. 94 A deposit of pic50 (US$0. 95) needs to be made to demoralize a new card. 92 Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time.There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is pic100 (US$1. 9) and that of a three-day card is pic250 (US$4. 8), besides a refundable deposit of pic50 (US$0. 95) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card. 92 As the network has expanded, high ridership in new tra ins have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro. 9596 To alleviate the problem, orders for new 6 coach trains have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed. 95 Infrequent, overcrowded and rambling feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern. 9798 In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students lose or reporting late for classes. 99 edit Ridership Delhi Metro recorded the highest ever ridership experience of 2,066,925 on 20 August 2011, which surpassed the earlier record set on 01 August 2011, when 1,830,944 people traveled by the Metro. 100 Currently, DMRC has a pool of 200 train sets with 69 of these being six coach formations. At present the Delhi Metro is operational on six lines where more than 2500 train trips are made each day traversing ove r 69000 KMs in a day. With Phase-III of the network expected to cover about 108 kilometers, the Delhi Metro network will establish 295 kilometers by 2016 making it one of the fastest expanding Metro networks in the world carrying about 4 million (40 lakh) passengers. 101 edit AccidentsOn October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne cover span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 metres (112ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer. 102 On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder confused balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat Badarpur corridor.Six people were killed and 15 others injured. 103 The day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin takings collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six. 104 On July 22, 2009 a steel lance fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him. 105 Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998. 106 edit Rolling stock The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges.Phase I lines use 1,676mm (5. 499ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435mm standard gauge rolling stock. 108 Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line. 29109110111112 edit Broad gauge The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers.For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a pond of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsub ishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,113 then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement. 114 These trains consist of four 3. 2-metre (10ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,115 with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach. 116 The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,117 and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32km/h (20mph) over a distance of 1. 1km (0. 68mi). 116 The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly. 115 The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 614 cars worth(predicate) approximately US$ 1100 million. 118 While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the sell will be bui lt at Bombardiers factory in Savli, near Vadodara. 119 These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour reserve for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter. 120 edit Standard gauge The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,121 accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach. 116 These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidness control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,122 and will be capable of main taining an average speed of 34km/h (21mph) over a distance of 1. km (0. 68mi). 116 edit Airport Express Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain of Spain were imported. 123 CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project, Reliance Infrastructure holds the remaining 95%. 57 The trains on this line are entirely different from the existing ones and have in-built noise simplification features for a noise-free ride with padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with liquid crystal display screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers.The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and wallop and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better go comfort. 124 edit magnetic levitation On 7 December 2011, the government informed the Rajya Sabha that it was supplying to introduce magnetic levitation wheel-less trains on the Delhi Metro. Minister of State for U rban Development Saugata Roy said The Delhi Metro proposes to introduce the wheel-less trains.The introduction of Maglev technology of Metro connectivity by DMRC is only at a conceptual stage for the present. 125 The Maglev technology uses magnetic levitation to suspend, guide and propel mass rapid systems. edit Signalling and tele converse The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train rampart and automatic train signalling modules. 126 A 380MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 6 lines to carry both voice and data information. 127 For Line 3,4 Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M. 128 An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies. 129 For Line-1 and Line-2 ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line 5,6 Bombardier has supplied signalling system. edit Environment and aesthetics The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,130 RINA,131 and the International face for Standardization,131 becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction. 132 Most of the Metro tations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure. 133 It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,134 and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains. 135 The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depict the local way of life has been put on display at stations. 136 Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,137 while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been adorn with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren. 138 The Metro station at INA colonization has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,139 while all stations on the Central Secretariat Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi.