History and Modern Applications of X-Rays - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? History and Modern Applications of X-Rays We see X-Rays all the time in television, science fiction novels, and comic book superheroes, but what is fact and what is fiction? By examining their makeup, history, modern applications, dangers, protection, and even possible future developments we can understand these scientific marvels far better and more accurately than watching an episode of Star Trek or reading a Superman comic. First and most important is to analyze why an X-ray works and what it is. These â€Å"rays† are high energy, low wavelength beams of electromagnetic energy – very similar to the light we can see; only they are completely invisible to us because our eyes lack the ability to detect its wavelength. They are produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. Electrons exist in constant orbit around an atom’s nucleus in different levels of energy, also known as orbitals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History and Modern Applications of X-Rays" essay for you Create order When an electron makes the transition – drops to a lower orbital, it needs to release some energy – which it does in the form of a photon. The energy level of this photon corresponds to how far the electron dropped between orbitals. So when a photon collides with another atom, the energy in the photon sometimes gets absorbed and boosts an electron in that atom to a higher level, but only if the amount of energy in the photon (from the 1st electrons drop) matches the energy required to boost the 2nd electron. Otherwise, the photon will not shift electrons between orbitals. That means that while visible light often has just the right energy to be absorbed by most objects, X-Ray photons will pass through almost everything because they contain far too much energy to be absorbed. Thus, by using a high-voltage vacuum tube to accelerate and release high energy electrons at a large velocity, we are capable of emitting X-rays at one end of an object. By placing an X-ray detector on the other side, something like a photographic plate, film, screen, or any other type of what is known as an â€Å"image receptor† (modern X-rays often have digital outputs), we are capable of capturing information about the object in the middle. That means, unfortunately, that they are nothing like what the Superman comics or fictional â€Å"X-Ray specs† sometimes shown in cartoons or science fiction would have us believe, as it does not make sense for an object (such as the lasses or Superman’s eyes) to project X-rays – that would do nothing without a detector on the other side, and for the object to be an X-ray detector would also make no sense as in that case there is no projector. Common misunderstandings like these are perpetuated all the time in popular culture, so to better understand we must examine its origin. The X-Ray was actually discovered on accident by a scientist almost 100 years after the discoveries of the other categories of radiation – Infrared and Ultraviolet were already discovered. A scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen stumbled upon their existence in 1896 by accident: he noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab was glowing when he left an electron beam on, which by itself was expected as fluorescent material is known to glow in response to radiation, but this case was unique because the tube had been surrounded by heavy black cardboard – yet the screen still glowed, even though the cardboard was expected to have blocked most of the radiation. He began to play with the situation, putting various objects between the tube and the screen – yet it still glowed. Eventually he put his own hand in the path of the radiation and was amazed to see the silhouette of his bones projected onto the screen. Ironically then, the very first usage of X-Rays in its discovery would turn out to be its most practical application to this day. Medical science uses X-rays to examine broken bones or swallowed or embedded objects in a person’s body, dentistry uses it to pinpoint cavities, and some modified X-rays have even been used to examine thin tissue such as lungs, heart, intestines, and blood vessels to check for irregularities that can subsequently be repaired. The reason X-Rays penetrate the outer layer of the body and not the bones lies in the way that X-Rays are absorbed: whether or not the energy is picked up depends entirely on the kind of atom in the absorber, a relationship that depends on the number of electrons (also known as the atomic number) of the atom. As such, the large thick areas of calcium atoms in your body (i. e. the bones) are much more capable of absorbing X-Ray photons than the thin tissue of our Carbon and Oxygen based flesh, thus the X-Ray’s pass through the latter while leaving a silhouette of the former. The second major modern application of X-Rays is in the security industry, particularly airport security, which uses the technology to scan incoming luggage for devices that may be able to cause harm on a plane such as a weapon or explosive. Again, like with medical technology, this has saved countless lives through the clever adaptation of the properties of these high energy beams of radiation. Other uses have been found in the field of astronomy, where detectors are used to pick up X-rays from extremely distant celestial objects and gain an idea of their size and makeup, as well as in industrial manufacturing wherein X-rays are applied to machinery to determine the quality of a weld or correct assembly of parts. Like any powerful technology, there are also dangers in exposure to X-rays. While the benefits of getting an X-Ray, especially in a situation in which one is faced with a broken bone or other medical emergency, generally far outweigh the risks, it is worth noting that there is no proven â€Å"acceptable† threshold for which exposure to radiation does no damage to the body – all additional doses of radiation the body is exposed to slightly increase the risk of getting cancer in your later years. As such, in instances where X-rays can be avoided – especially in high risk patients like the fetus inside of a pregnant mother – it is generally advised that you do so. On that note, an important facet of any X-ray discussion revolves around exactly what can be used to stop them – as X-Rays go into higher and higher energy levels; it becomes increasingly difficult to find a shield that will prevent them from penetrating. The go-to element at present is Lead, chosen for its low cost and extremely high density which causes it to absorb a large portion of incident X-Rays. Because of the way the X-Ray works, however, its range through any matter – regardless of density – is theoretically infinite if it is lucky enough to avoid interaction with the atom as it passes through. This is why a simple thin sheet of lead is frequently not sufficient and areas wishing to shield themselves from the radiation will use increasingly thick layers of the material in proportion to the energy of the X-Rays, exponentially increasingly the likelihood that they will be shielded. Finally, what is in store for the future of this technology? While it is mpossible to predict all of what innovators will be able to dream up in the future, we already know some projects currently in development that are set to vastly improve current X-Ray technology, bringing the resultant images into full color and in much higher detail and resolution than ever before, giving unprecedented info to the professionals that will be using them. Others are working on what is called †Å"ultrafast† X-rays, in which snapshots can be taken at lightning-quick speeds, allowing better understanding and manipulation of things that move extremely fast, such as electrons in an atom. In conclusion, the accidental discovery of the X-Ray – i. e. the high energy, low wavelength portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been a boon not just to the medical field but to a wide variety of scientific and commercial endeavors – a merit that seemingly will only grow in the future as more and more applications and advances are discovered for the technology. Who knows, maybe one day the outrageous ideas of science fiction may in fact become a reality!

Mexicans in the United States Essay - 3496 Words

In attempting to discuss the history of Chicanos, or Mexican-Americans and their experiences in the United States, an economic analysis may provide the best interpretation for their failure to achieve the status of first class citizens. This difficulty in achieving equality of citizenship is deeply rooted in both the economic self-interest of the Anglo-Americans, as well as their inherent perception of Otherness in Chicanos. This paper will explain the importance of this history and its context in the American framework. Beginning with the Chicano experience of the precolonial period and continuing through the Mexican-American war, analyzing particularly the Mercantilist policy which guided the colonization, alongside the†¦show more content†¦However in class discussion and our repeated ignorance of the condition Chicanos experienced through our nations history it is clear that there is much to be learned about this group. In an attempt to organize their history from an economic standpoint, it can be dually noted that through our countrys rush to modernize we often sacrifice sound development programs in the regions often occupied by Chicanos. This lack of development programming, comes at the expense of our minority groups. Through their history in this nation, Powerful interests have succeeded in keeping the Mexican the most underpaid and most oppressed worker so that they [the Americans] will always have a surplus of cheap labor (Vargas 341) A concurrent theme throughout this section of this piece will be Manifest Destiny. The term implies the mentality assumed by conquerors to justify the complete subjugation and absorption of new lands and their inhabitants, using Divine Providence and Faith as their reasoning. The economic policy at the time colonization of the New World was occurring was that of Mercantilism. 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However, there was a high percentage of mexican immigration on the years of the 1920s and the 1940s. These two decades were having an increase in mexican immigration due to the establishment of the Bracero Program. This program was started during the 1920s and again in the 1940s, but was later stopped in the 1960s. Between and after, these time periods, Mexican immigration into the United States was almost non-existentRead MoreMexican Im migration And The United States1676 Words   |  7 PagesMexican immigration to the United States began in the 1900’s, characterized as a series of waves that reflected the labor demands in the U.S and political and economic unrest in Mexico. (Citation pending) AND IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE POINT OF THIS PAPER IT IS IMPORTANT TO FIRST GET FAMILIAR WITH LABOR, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF MEXICANS IN THE U.S. The first occurring prior to World War II, where the immigrated population rose from 221,915 in 1910 to 641,462 in 1930, according to the 1933Read MoreMexican Migration And The United States2154 Words   |  9 Pages Mexican Migration to the United States Zach Catlin Intro to Latino Cultural Studies Professor Gutierrez 12-8-16 Abstract Mexican Migration to the United States has been a key movement for Mexicans living in Mexico. The standard of living in Mexico just does not meet the requirements needed to stay, and raise a family there. Mexicans are seeking better opportunities and doing what is best for their families to support them. They often feel that migrating to the United States is the answer toRead More Mexicans in the United States Essay3308 Words   |  14 PagesMexicans in the United States Introduction â€Å"We need to help students and parents cherish and preserve the ethnic and cultural diversity that nourishes and strengthens this community and this nation.† These words of the Chicano civil rights leader Cesar Chavez have resonated into the present vision of Mexican culture in America. Mexicans in the United States have created a vibrant culture that has crossed over to influence other cultures. The reality is that Mexicans have played

Professional Practice Preparation for Recruitment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Practice Preparation for Recruitment. Answer: Critique of Recruitment Personnel planning are an important function of any organization; most of the important activities are dependent on the work force planning within an organization. For ensuring that all the functions within the organization, a number to methods are needs to be undertaken so that recruitment process is effective. The objectives of human resource department are to recruit and select employees based on the requirement of the organization, to train those employees for better performance. The right selection of employees will only be possible if the organization takes the standard measures for recruitment. It is very important the right person be selected for the right post. Recruitment is done by examining the skills of the employees and matching the requirements of the post. The employee normally selects the employee who meets the criteria for selection. The shortage of the skills of the employees leads to his or her efficiency in tasks. Lack of skills and rapid technology has created p ressure on the employers to recruit the best quality of manpower of the organization. According to Cohen et al. (2013) the process of searching an employee and making them apply for jobs within an organization is known as recruitment. The process depends upon the recruitment policies, job postings and details, advertising, job application and interviewing process assessment, decision-making, formal selection and training. The right recruitment policies if not undertaken often leads to problems in effective delivery of product or service, which might lead to customer dissatisfaction. Often it is seen that there is biasness in the recruitment process. Biasness in the recruitment procedure especially the selection process brings bad name to the organization. There are two types of recruitment, internal recruitment and external recruitment. It is the duty of the employers to select the appropriate type in the appropriate circumstances. Some of the organizations practice internal requirement that is not necessary all the time. Some organizations do not practice the recruit ment policies with ethical considerations. They hire any employee for monetary or other benefits. This puts the organization in huge risk as the employee selected might not be a employee that the organization requires because of lack of skills. Recruitment of an ineligible employee will put the organization at risk. For important posts in an organization, three to four rounds are conducted. The accurate way is skim the finest work force through the various process of recruitment. If a employees are ineffective then the employers will have to pay extra amount for the recruitment of new employees or may be provide training, so that they can save time and money. Employees are required to be hired using the right method that depends upon the position in the employee is to be hired and the nature of job that will be performed by him. In the industry it is often seen that very generic models of recruitment and selection are considered, which are not that much effective. Another most impor tant issue is that there are certain qualities that are present in the employees that lead to misconduct; it is very difficult to judge those traits in an employee through the generic methods that are most commonly used for recruitment and selection. Course interview report Target Australia conducted an interview in which I had appeared, it is a retail chain. I had applied for the post of HR executive in that organization, prior to the a job interview an aptitude test was conducted, since I had qualified that test I was called for the job interview. There were approximately 25 other candidates who had cleared the first round and had been called for the interview. The interviewer was a lady, she asked me my brief introduction. I told her about my educational qualification. The questions that the interviewer asked me were What are your strengths and how do you think these strengths are beneficial for this organization. My biggest strength is that I am very patient and I think that this particular quality of mine can help in managing the diverse work force of any organization. What made you choose human resource management as your course Since my childhood I had the quality to influence and lead people, my ability to motivate people to move forward in the right direction made me choose this human resource management as my course. Why do you want to join this Organization? Target Australia is one of the famous organizations in Melbourne, this is a retail company and I think the qualities that I have, good communication skills and being patient can make help me take up complex tasks like training and development in this field. What do you know about the Organization? Target Australia Organization is one of the leading organizations of Melbourne, it is a retail chain that specializes consumer goods. The parent company of Target Australia is Wesfarmers Describe a complex situation and ways to handle it In any Organization what I believe the most difficult task is to manage different people, who have different perception, thoughts and personality and handling conflicts is such situation is the most difficult task. According to me the best way to handle such situation would be not being biased and pass judgments that favors only one party. I will listen to both the parties will give and tell them to cooperate and respect each other. How do you think employees can be motivated? All employees are different and I think their needs and drives are also different, one cannot motivate an employee by giving incentives, who does not get motivated by monetary rewards. Rather we will have to find out what appreciates him may be a recognition for his work. How comfortable are you for working outside Melbourne Since I am grown and brought up in Melbourne my first preference would be to work here but if I am offered a job outside Melbourne and my pay can support my expenses in another city then I will take up that job without hesitation. A theory on psychological types by Carl Gustav Jung was proposed during the First World War. In his initial research his focus was on understand how conflict arises and how to find its resolution. In its last version, published in 1921, his theory became and widely acceptable model that could be used not just to handle conflict but also for personal and cultural development (Trevino and Nelson 2016). The typological functions only described the problem and not its solution which is the transcendent function. The theory was used for classification - which raises more concerns. From the early 1930s to the late 1950s, Jung raised many issues and he criticized that his theory was being used in an inappropriate way, but these were mostly ignored. The result was that Myers-Briggs typology developed was completely directed in a different direction to the Jungian typology. The most significant differences are: The theory of Myers-Briggs theory divides all individuals into 16 categories that consists of dominant-auxiliary function combination. As per the theory type is innate and fixed. Personal development aims to make people better and have more balanced version of your type. The Jungian theory sees the types as reference points for the development of the transcendent, function. Type often changes during the lives of the individuals. It aims at development to transcend a persons type and become an increasingly unique personality. For using a geographical analogy, Myers-Briggs typology has created sixteen countries that which describes in a very explicit way, the borders and no migration between them. Jungian typology has created eight landmarks that can be used to take oneself out of the territory into a new world which has not been explored before. (Marchington et al. 2016). Criticisms The main criticisms of MBTI are: The types types do not describe individuals and they are merely stereotypes The MBTI puts restricts individuals to use a combination of the various preferences. Barbum or the Forer effect is the reason for the descriptions to appear accurately A bimodal distribution for the preferences is not shown by MBTI data, which is expected if the personality of all the people fitted into one or the other category. One cannot depend on MBTI, especially when the claim is that, type is innate and remains the same throughout life. There is no evidence that would support the claim that MBTI can be used to predict job performance (Thite, Budhwar and Wilkinson 2014). As per the Criticisms MBTI is simple and often simplistic on their own, since it oversimplifies and hence represent Myers-Briggs theory wrongly. As per the Jungian perspective, there are some logical criticisms that synchronize with Jung's theory. These criticisms are only related to the interpretation and rather the Psychometric performance of the MBTI and this is a good thing. The Jungian approach can be used to address most of the criticisms which means recognising that: The types are basically stereotypes. Some individuals can be close to specific types, while others might be in a middle group that is not close to any one type. Type preferences keeps changing, they are not same throughout the lives of individuals. Appraisal of Postgraduate study In the present scenario, it is very important to have a good degree. Being a graduate in not enough sometimes, it is important have a degree of Post graduation helps them. When someone has additional knowledge of the subject compared to the others it helps them get a better job with a good salary. What is being studied in graduation is more like an introduction to the subject but in masters the complete knowledge on the subject or course can be gained. In post graduation, an individual learns much more than what he learns in graduation. It provides a deeper knowledge on the subject. Many things might not be taught in graduation like, how to do research, data collection, sampling and analysis of the data, all these things are taught in post graduation. Moreover, a post graduation degree helps us to get a better job compared to a graduation degree (Cohen, Ornoy and Keren 2013). Masters in Business Administration Full time Mode Duration Attendance Start date Full time 1year 2 days a week December 2017 Full time 2 years 2 days a week plus placement year December 2017 Key features One can get an opportunity to go on industrial tours One can take advantage of the Universitys on-site galleries One can learn one foreign language of their choice What will you study The emphasis of this course will understand the art and science of management. The students will be introduced to a wide variety of businesses, collections and professionals. One can gather knowledge about economic and legal contexts of the professional practice. It will provide the students knowledge about the management of various departments within an organization. After the completion of the course, the individuals will gain the ability to apply the different theories of management. One can have the knowledge of a particular stream of Management, Marketing, human resource, finance. Essays, seminar papers and presentations, case studies, and major research-based project or dissertation. International experience in the field of human resource management is very important because it helps the scholars to know about the cultures of different people across the world. When one is aware about the cultures around the world it would not be difficult in handling the diverse work force. In present scenario geographical boundaries does not stop people from looking for jobs in another countries. International exposure will provide the HR executives a better understanding and an ability to manage the diverse workforce in any organization. People from different countries when they work in an entirely different country they often find it difficult to adapt or adjust in an different environment, in that case the hr executive can help those employees to adjust in a new environment. They can effectively handle intercultural conflicts, they can act as peace makers in those situations because they can understand both cultures. HR executives have a in depth knowledge of human behavior a t workplace, this will help them in motivating them their employees at the workplace. Having an international exposure generally helps people to easily work in any other international environment (Beardwell and Thompson 2014). Why ethics in Human Resource Management is important Consideration of business ethics is an significant role for any business owner or manager's job. The human resources executives have to deal with different types of ethical challenges; because it is a department that handles human resources of an organization. HR management encompasses with many ethical hurdles that can destroy the reputation of any company or financial sustainability if not managed efficiently. It is very important to understand the role ethics plays in human resource management for any business owner, irrespective of the fact that whether it is a local startup or a multinational powerhouse. Ethics is important because for sustainability organization needs the cooperation of the employees and the trust of the employees. If the organization fails to maintain the trust of the employee and its customers then only it can survive in the market. There is too much competition, being ethical is a very rare thing and the employees who maintain ethics in all their functions e specially the human resource functions (Chelladurai and Kerwin 2017) . Not paying attention to the ethics might often lead the organization in to trouble, the problems faced by organization if they do not follow ethics are Legal obligation- When an organization does not practice ethics in their HR policies and practices they often have to fight legal battles. If the HR policies are not practiced ethically then the employees will sue the organization. Company reputation- The reputation of the company is often spoiled if they do not follow the ethical hr policies or if the organization is sued then it gets a lot of negative publicity causing the organization harm. Employee loyalty- The employees will lose the trust from the employer and might not be loyal to the organization. Employee turnover- If the employees are unsatisfied and unhappy about the unfair practices within the organization they will leave the organization and look for jobs in other companies. Customer trust- The customers choose not to trust the organization and they might switch to other customers of the company (Weiss 2014). Fair recruitment and selection of the employees, salary parity, compensations and unbiased training are some ways through which the organization can maintain an ethical environment. Honesty, fairness and equality are some of the basic needs of the employees within an organization, if these needs are not fulfilled then the employees will not be motivated to work in the organization. There will be employee turnover and the business of the organization will eventually run in loss. Every business expects their employees to be loyal but the same has to be reciprocated by their employers so that a harmonious relationship between employee and employer can be maintained. Trade unions and employee unions are very strict on legal considerations (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). If they find that any of the practices within the organization is unfair then they immediately call for strikes and other similar situations that can lower the business of the organization. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Beardwell, J. and Thompson, A., 2014.Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Chelladurai, P. and Kerwin, S., 2017.Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics. Cohen, Y., Ornoy, H. and Keren, B., 2013. MBTI personality types of project managers and their success: A field survey.Project Management Journal,44(3), pp.78-87. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Thite, M., Budhwar, P. and Wilkinson, A., 2014. Global HR roles and factors influencing their development: Evidence from emerging Indian IT services multinationals.Human Resource Management,53(6), pp.921-946. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

The Rich Brother Essay Example For Students

The Rich Brother Essay Tobias Wolffs The Rich Brother is a story of two brothers, Donald and Pete. These brothers have very contrasting lifestyles; Pete is a successful businessman with a wife and kids. Donald, on the other hand, is an outcast. Hes unemployed and irresponsible. He lives his life as a vagabond. Despite these facts, the successful brother, Pete, still lacks the self-esteem he desperately craves. Therefore he tries to make his brother, Donald, feel foolish with every chance he gets. Pete talks to Donald in a very condescending and patronizing manner. For example, when Donald spills a soda in Petes car, Pete responds sarcastically, Great, just great (293). He then later yells at Donald for not getting gas. He says to Donald, Why dont you use your head? What if we run out? (302). Shortly after the pop-spilling incident takes place, Pete begins to pester Donald about explaining how he got kicked out of the religious community. Donald says to Pete, You have this compulsion to make me look foolish (295). Pete replies that Donald makes himself look foolish. Pete believes his ethics and morals are superior to Donalds. Pete believes that a person should be responsible and that success is based on wealth; Therefore, he is very frugal with his money and believes it is irresponsible to just give it away. So when Donald gives a hundred dollars to a stranger (Mick Webster), Pete sharply says Why did you give it the money to him? A hundred dollars. Gone. Just like that. I wor ked for that money, Donald (303). We will write a custom essay on The Rich Brother specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pete enjoys taking care of Donald (financially). This gives him a feeling of control and power. It gives him the self-esteem that he desires. He tries to make Donald feel guilty for borrowing money from him. He tells Donald, You wont pay me back. You cant. You dont know how (304). With condescending comments such as these, Pete lowers Donalds worth in order to raise his own worth. As the story progresses, Donald begins to understand why Pete acts harshly towards him. He says, I know why you do it. Its because you have no purpose in life. Youre afraid to relate to people who do, so you make fun of them (295). Pete then tells Donald that he had a dream with him in it. He says, There was something wrong with me, and you were helping out. Taking care of me. (297). This dream symbolizes Petes emotional dependency on Donald in real life. Because of Petes own insecurities, he latches on to Donald and exposes Donalds faults to selfishly improve his own self-esteem. He makes disdainful comments whenever hes given the chance. He tries to make his brother feel inferior in every way possible (financially, ethically, morally). Pete is a good example of a person who has every material position but still isnt satisfied with their life. Whereas his brother, Donald, has no material possessions but seems content with the life hes living.